Value Chain

Value Chain Analysis ******** Diagram ********* The to a higher place model demonstrates the principal element of Value Chain Analysis for an nerve such as Easyjet. The integration of the above elements at long last delivers great perimeter potential and thus the ideal high advantageousness status. I get out provide a detailed analysis of this model to highlight the centerfield capabilities of Easyjet Infrastructure Main headquarters based in Luton. Provides excellent communicating with motorways, railway lines and bus access Low overheads Paperless office No ticketing strategy with posted ticket Simple distribution channel management (through the profit or call centers) Low airport costs (minimal time of aircraft on the ground), thus achieving economies of scale Financial resource investment initially back up by Haji-loannou HR Management Haji-loannou, high profile entrepreneur (shipping force background), Hands-on-approach from Haji-loannou looking for opportuni ties to diversify and expand, Innovative marketing terms for marketing communication theory to date. Technology Development Booking through the Internet (higher margins, with a much manageable, simplistic system) Strong reputation for being an airline where bookings are make via the phone or Internet. Procurement Easy purchase system in place for flight bookings Negotiated low cost airport fees Simple ply uniforms No tedious ticketing system in place Below you get out find a commentary on how these key elements are as well as integrated into the Easyjet business and further, how the strengths can be used to develop and leave the Easyjet brand.Inbound Logistics Excellent communication system in place at airports and easy flight booking policy/payment methods convey an photograph of convenience a key benefit to consumers Operations and Outbound Logistics candid marketing strategy we have the best approach Partnerships and promotional tie-ins with the toilet media High profile PR strategy (for example the PR impede against Robert Ayling, Chief Executive of British Airways and its budget airline GO gains bodacious PR coverage) Fine targeting of attractive segments emerging e. . utilization of casual uniforms. However, gum elastic is always a critical concern and is up to par with the standards of otherwise airlines. Service Convenience and simplicity are of integral importance Affordable, frequent, reliable, proficient slots are offered to an increasing number of new destinations No frills and/or complications are associated with the travel experience. Conclusion Clearly Easyjet has some attractive core capabilities that have been established in the marketplace and are perceived as ultimately beneficial to the consumer.The Value Chain Analysis highlights those elements of the business that can be integrated or fine-tuned (through for example just in time systems, smell standards and relationship marketing) in order to achieve the overall objectives of high margins, profitability and market share. Perceived superior services or products, market knowledge, attention contacts, legal advantages (patents, copyrights) perceived high value brands, low overheads, economies of scale and an umbrage marketing approach are some of the key factors / elements for sustaining a matched advantage and indeed promoting the Easyjet family of companies.

Life in Spain in the Golden Age

The Spanish Society during their grand AgeThe golden age of Spain does not just refer to tremendous sparing growth or an excellent period of monarchial rule in peace and prosperity rather it refers to the rule of Charles II, which was characterized by the weakening of the Castile, and the deterioratingSpanish cr sustain. According to Sedney Donell (2003), during this time, the Castilian privileged classes in various provinces of the Monarchy took good of the weakened Monarchy and began to take the affairs of the imperial state in their own hands, which later came to be known as the golden age of Spain (Donell 2003, p. 151). Spanish society during this time was in confusion and this was aggravated by the collision of feminization that was creating confusion on the utilisation of men in the society.How characterless Life was for themLife in Spain during the golden age was not indifferent as mint experienced acute economin difficulty due to direful economic decline because of wars. Marcelin Defourneaux (1979) cited demographic statistics, which proves beyond doubt that there was ingest decline in the towns which formerly- and recently- had played such a vital role in the economic life of the country (Defourneaux 1979, p. 92). Defourneaux noted during Philip II Spains prosperity was ruined by the waning of the Spanish economy and people had to survive mainly on land products as most of their industries had collapsed.What I could point out about Spains society during this time is that theirs was a stubborn society. Despite of the failures of their rulers to bring them peace and prosperity, they remained loyal to their Monarchs. A gaffe in point was the collapsed of Charles II rule only to be replaced by a more inefficient king.Explain the Reason why Spain was standardized that in the Golden AgeThere had been several reasons why Spain was economically in distress during their golden age. Among these reasons were corruptions, wars, gender issue, and ineff ective leadership. William H. Robinson and Jordi Falgas however, cited that Barcelona and Madrid suffered economic decline due to trade monopoly of King Ferdinand of Argon- Catalonia and Isabella of Castile Robinson & Falgas 2006, p. 5). All this contributed to the economic difficulty that Spain had suffered during their so-called golden age.Work CitedDefourneaux, M., (1979) Daily life in the Golden Age. California Stanford UniversityPress.Donell, S., Feminizing the Enemy Imperian Spain, Transvestite Dramma, and the Crises. . USA Bucknell University Press.Knight, C., (1840) Penny Cyclopaedia of helpful Knowledge. London Encyclopedias &Dictionaries

Introduction to Psychological Testing Paper Essay

The case of psychology is unitary of those broad and exciting fields. Though confused psychologists head for the hills to work in a respective(a) array of fields integrity of the common expectations that they all sh be is that they all study behavior and beau its results to some specific barments. Psychological tests argon some of the common tests that be carried out in this field of psychology. The tests be carried and analyzed then the results ar interpreted in such a way so as to attain different attributes for various one-on-ones.One of the interesting things is that these results may start in accordance with various factors which may either have a positive or negative impact on the tests. These tests have tack their way into a number of applications with individuals be tested to determine whether they are up to task to ascertain their levels of performance in a diverse array of fields. The term test in psychology interrogatory is one that has to be defined firs t in order to determine the workability of the extremity and the results that should be expected.According to a renowned psychologist Anatasi (1997) the term test as used in the field of psychology, is defined as an objective and regularise measure of a exemplification of behavior. This very definition tends to get down three core elements of psychology testing. The term objective tends to generally tumble the idea on how the test score is interpreted meaning that it is as a result of an objective criterion instead of subjective discernment by the examiner.The term standardized in the definition means that the results get out be uniform independent of any qualified examiner. The term sample in the definition shows us that the test is drawn from previous salt away inferences and results. Most of the psychological tests are categorized into a compartmentalisation of radicals depending on the results and the individuals involved. These tests may be administered to an individua l that is one person at a conviction and they are known as individual tests as compared to group tests which are administered to more(prenominal) that an individual.See more how to start an essayFrom time in memorial various psychologists have used three briny criterias to distinguish various abilities that individuals possess. The tests may differ in that they may be grouped as either ability or character tests. A character test is described as one that is related to the overt and covert dispositions of the individual (Kaplan and Saccuzzo, 2008). This means that these grammatical cases of tests will generally measure an individuals typical behavior. These types of tests will then be shared out into two distinctive groups of either structured or objective personality tests.The structured type of tests require the individual to choose from a variety of two options such as true and false or yes and no. Objective personality tests on the other hand are more complicated in that an i ndividual is required to provide spontaneous responses. This type of testing generally assumes that the individual will tend to produce ridiculous characteristics. The main concept behind these tests is actually to evaluate differences or variations that various individuals may exhibit.One of the assumptions that these tests tend to be pegged upon is that the resultants are actually the genuinely differences among individuals. With this it can then be said that the more or less important aspect of testing is to generally differentiate among those individuals taking the tests (Domino and Domino, 2006). The three, aptitude, feat and light are used to determine the types of tests to be performed so as to determine their floor in an individual.Achievement in contrast to aptitude refers to previous learnedness while aptitude refers to the potential that an individual inhibits to do more. Intelligence on the other hand is distinguished from both achievement and aptitude in the sens e that it refers to the general potential an individual has to solve problems, adapt to environments and improvement from experience. The three however are believed to be interrelated in one way or another and a term that has been coined up to describe this situation is the term human ability (Kaufman and Kaufman, 2004).Two of these tests achievement and aptitude tests have found their way in educational and most of the times employment institutions where they are used to deduce an individuals ability. These tests are used to determine how much an individual knows about a certain aspects such as calculations, spellings or masterly of certain textile objects such as practices and the like. Intelligence tests on the other hand picture to measure an individuals ability to basically understand the gentlemans gentleman and its environment analyze its functionality and use the acquired knowledge to improve the quality of the individuals life.A renowned psychologist by the name Alfred Whitehead (1929) describes intelligence as having the potential to enables the individual to profit by error without being slaughtered by it. However the measurement of this ability has come under fill up scrutiny with critics arguing that most tests do not provide surface cut results or fail out rightly. The field of psychological testing is mainly governed by two major principles that is hardihood and reliability.The term validity as it used in this field means that the tests and results are helpful in whatever the reason they are carried on. On more proficient terms the term can be said to represent the score in which certain inferences or interpretations can be considered to be curb (Kaplan and Saccuzzo, 2008). Reliability on the other hand refers to the degree in which the tests and results obtained are free from errors. It refers to the accuracy, consistency, dependability of the test results.Although the concept of psychological testing is suitable an important phenom enon in todays modern world, controversies have in some cases dogged the otherwise noble idea. One of the aspects that come into forgather is that most of the tests are usually administered by counselors and if the training is not fit then the validity and reliability of the tests may be somehow substandard. The issuance of ethics also comes into play and when monetary aspects are considered then the guinea pig of ethics may just be thrown out of the window.This is especially true considering the number of individuals especially in the internet who purport to be offering an array of tests which their authenticity does not weigh the balance. Some loving and theoretical issues have arisen with the fragile issue of race finding its caterpillar tread to those who vehemently criticize this lick. However since nothing will ever be perfect, a compromise is often reached whereby the positives of this process outweigh the disadvantages and thus the process is preferred and applied in many institutions.

Marrying someone from a different country Essay

Is marrying individual from a different country more problematic than marrying some nonpareil from your hold country?In todays fast-moving world, travelling and connecting with people entirely around the globe is becoming more and more comon. Because of the increasing globalisation, it a good deal leads to international marriages. It is a new age concept and an endless discussion. However, I believe marrying a foreigner to be a norm sooner than an anomaly.The main positive aspect of international marriage is learning so much about different cultures. It is a great way to unfold your horizons and to learn a foreign language because practicing it with your spouse is an inevitable routine. In other words, international marriage is a symbol of cultural integration and gives a great opportunity to have an open mind.Furthermore, children from international marriages atomic number 18 likely to become bilingual. Although raising a bilingual child requires surd work, it is generously r ewarded. Children with the ability to handle multiple languages profit in galore(postnominal) aspects of life.Finally, international couples ar obliged to travel more. With relatives in different countries, holidays are often spent abroad. In line with cultural challenges, travelling expands ones way of thinking and opens up new perspectives on life. all(prenominal) marriage requires commitment, dedication and work. International marriages need even more anxiety because of the additional issues. In some cases, cultural shock may be a serious issue for the new family. However, the key to a prospered intercultural marriage is to develop understanding and patience. Discussing the expectations in every area brings a positive vibe to a relationship and helps to build a soused international family.

Commanding Heights Essay

Episode 1 The Battle of Ideas begs a comparison between socialism and capitalism. It traces the worlds stinting history from the early 1900s to the events pursuit 9/11. Asks the question which is a better and more foolproof stinting system g overnment control or free trades? It delves into how the First manhood War impacted two brilliant economists, Keynes and Hayek. And then follows both Keynes and Hayek with their respective career paths (Keynes role as an advisor to the British authorities on wartime economy and Hayek as an Austrian soldier). Keynes predicted that the result of the treaty of Versailles and demanding reparations from an already bankrupt Germany and Austria would cause another war, The Second World War. Meanwhile Hayek and his partisan Zlabinger fought against hyper inflation and encouraged free markets. Simultaneously the American Economy was booming, till October 24th, 1930 when the great depression hit and unemployment soared and industry stopped and hal f of the US banks were closed down. During this time Keyness opening of government intervention helped scat the way out of the problem (Keynes wrote about Macroeconomics). Meanwhile Lenin had introduced the New frugal Policy which consisted of grass root level capitalism but the dominating heights would still be under the government. The reform was met with scrutiny from the left, in short after Stalin took power and employed centralised planning of every economic aspect. Owing to the recovery from the Great Depression and Keynes key role in the Breton Woods Conference, in America Keynesianism took control and Hayek faded into the background. In Britain a welfare state and socialism built the country back from the backside up. Newly independent countries like India also employed Keynesian methods, allowing for sound out led industry. One third of the world followed aspects of socialism until Churchill and Margaret Thatcher and Keith Joseph were influenced by Hayeks book, Road t o Serfdom. In Germany, Ludwig Erhard stopped price control and re-started the free market economy to combat hyperinflation. The success of his risky decision led to the German Economic Miracle. While Keynes still had a strong hold over Washington, a Chicago School of Economics was created and it emphasised Hayeks theory as a measure to battle stagflation. Finally Thatchers option and confidence in Hayeks theory allowed for free markets to be schematic again. Thus, after a period of a century came back to where it was at the beginning of the century, back to free markets.

Introduction To TESOL Essay

Using what you have read in this interpolation to TESOL and your own sack outledge, what do you consider to be the blocks which may prevent terminology belief?When speaking rough difficulties in learning and teaching unusual language different authors intention different terminology. Some of them speak about mistakes, misbehavior (Cummings, C. 2000), sources of friction (Smith, C. J., & Laslett, R. 2002), some about anxiety (Nishimata, T. 2008), troubles, difficulties and so on. For snap off fellow feeling lets summarize all this definitions into a feast voice block, which means block, that could prevent language learning. There be two major types of blocks. The first type is instructors blocks. And the cooperate one is students. This means that we could face with some challenges in the caput of effective learning from the both sides of the process. And in each situation in that location be also external and internal blocks. External are blocks that are dictated wi th the environment. Internal ones are coming from the personality. In both cases I suppose blocks are about psychological reactions besides the difference is in a reason for that.Regarding blocks that could appear from the teachers side most(prenominal) of the authors pay attention to the following. Lack of self-discipline, fears of starting with different (non-standard) students (Cummings, C. 2000), managing focus, anger and opposite emotions (Coetzee, S. A., Wydeman, J. L., & Niekerk, E. J. 2008). Also I could mention blocks that are connected with the earlier experience, teachers deformation and burnout. To overcome this troubles teacher needs to be a strong- actuate person able to struggle with his/her blocks. Help of colleagues and observation feedback, rea callic understanding of the own level and own abilities may be very useful. Connecting with new(prenominal) teachers is a way of sharing your burdens, and your successes, with somebody else. They might feel the resem bling and share strategies to help you overcome the burdens and rejoice in the successes (Saumell, V. 2014). Authors also stress that teacher should remember that the blocks exists from both sides, try to create a relaxing atmosphere, be respectful to students, give a positive feedback and be encouraging, give students an opportunity to redo the tests, use various teaching methods and techniques.As for the students and their blocks in that location is much more information to think of. In a list there are such huge themesas age, penury, level of chouseledge, previous learning experience and influence of mother tongue. The problem of age loosely appears before adults. Im too old to learn side or The time is lost and so on. Its important to work upon the positive attitude of grown-up students, to show them the advantages of learning language now, when they exactly know where they will use it and what for do they need it. And do not go forth to dispel a myth that its impossible t o learn opposed language in effect after the age of 20. Teacher may use different arguments to confront with the lack of self-confidence. For example without strongly embedded L1 syntactical structures, young children are probably more amenable to actions and activities that promote ample language skills. (Holloway, M. K. 2008)And for sure its essential for a teacher to know the basis of developmental psychology to be able to communicate effectively with the students of different ages and to consider age peculiarities. As for the motivation its a great clue to solve the problems with other blocks. Strong motivation to learning allows student to overcome all other difficulties. Speaking about children its a rare situation when a teacher faces with the highly motivated class. So it is one of the great challenges to motivate students, to show them the positive attitude, to aid for search and discovering new world.As with all learning skills, pupils will be more motivated when they are interested in what they are cerebration about or see a real purpose for their intellection (Wilson, J., & Murdoch, K. 2008). Its far not all the blocks and not all the slipway of overcoming them but I think that students blocks and the blocks of a teacher are deeply connected. And if a teacher has strong blocks in teaching sure s/he will face with the lack of motivation and self-confidence from his/her students and vice versa. As the main responsibility lies on the teachers shoulders its meaningful to know the blocks and not to avoid but face them and work at them.

The Small Company with a Big-Time Motivation Program

skepticism 1 How strong was the overall employee motivation program at intercept Mining? On a scale of 1-10, with 10 world the best, Badger Mining gets a 10 The company focuses on employees needs, is ductile with scheduling lets employees pile off for family matters, matches 401k, generous profit sharing program, and a satisfactory health care package. This touches upon every aspect of a good employee motivation program. inquire 2 What evidence of participate management hobo you detect in this sheath?One key grammatical case was the example of the expansion to the Taylor plant. The company V. P. Dan Valiquette make sure to consult with the employees who would be affect by the expansion. He privationed the guys having to run the equipment involved in the redesign of the process, thus promoting employee buy-in, and the employees felt valued. He also included contractors and vendors involved with the change, which made everyone involved with project feel part of the proces s and take ownership.Question 3 How well do you think open-book management would choke at Badger Mining? I think it would very well at Badger Mining. The level of trust between upper management and their custody is extremely high they have a very cohesive aggroup that is committed to excel. They already have several of the key blocks in define to be successful using OBM trust and empower employees and profit sharing. Question 4 Keys to successful employee participation programs.The examples of successful employee participation programs in this case are 1) Profit sharing, 2) long term security of employees working for Badger Mining and the companys history, 3) the training programs and culture within the company, and 4) the aegis of the individuals who work for the company by letting them have flexible schedules and take time off for family. These examples make Badger Mining perfect for participative management.The employees want to participate because they feel valued and tha t they have ownership in the company, in short they feel like they matter. Question 5 Would you like to work for a small company like Badger Mining? Yes I would cut to. Working for public education has its rewards, but theyre non financial, but I do feel very lucky to love what I do. However, it would be good to work for a company that I could work hard and e rewarded for the effort.

Lazy Americans

A college professor wrote an phrase aboyt how she ciphers American student ar futile. Different people pose several(predicate) oppinions on this subject. Although many consider that American students are lazy and others believe they are not. I pretend it on the nose depends on your background, and family life. You cant just judge someone by what they dowith out(p) knowing where they return from. Students from different countries take aim capital expire ethics, they pay attention well in class, and do really good on their work. most of their effprt comes from relations with family.For foreign students they come to ameica to study because the education is better so their parents bring them here. Foreign students work really thorny , because they came here to study and they think that its a great opportunity. But i have also met some foreign deepen students that are lazy and have really bad work ethics, and i have talked to them and they are having problems at home. Most people tink that american students are lazy, provided i have met some really out going Americans. My friend Sarah Doud, she is American and she is a 3. student andshe is a hard working student. I know i kid, his name is lewis. He is a 4. 0 student and is taking way advanced classes and he is american. Those two examples i just gave are American and hard working. And they come from engaging families and have loving friends. I have also met some lazy americans as well, but they come from bad families that dont care about their childs grades. at that place are also the middle students who are American and dont do bad, but dont do good. These students come from families who dont really care about their grades.And its mostly students whos parents travelor are rarely home because of their work. But the students know better than to let their grades slip. These students are self motivated but i dont think that is enough. I think that they need more motivation. There are many lazy studen ts, and on that point are also many hard working students. I think it just depends on the students family problems if any. Sure habits are hard to break, but thither is a reason in the first place why they have those habbits. American teenages need more motivation, because i dont think they get enough.

I’m Bored- What your Child Is Really Telling You Essay

In the fiddling es presuppose, Im tire What Your Child is Re bothy Telling You, by Linda Morgan, baberen e rattlingwhere ar having issues with saying what they re in ally mean when they say they argon worldly. Whether at kinsfolk or in school, when a child says those 2 words, Im bored, he may be in train of pargonntal attention, re concern of school work, and direction in end projects and activities. In todays world, technology takes over a childs extra time. Instead of button outside to play with friends or having a specific pursuance, adolescents find themselves caught in an Xbox or computer game. Yet later on they have beaten the game or taked on to slightlything else they lock up complain that they atomic number 18 bored. But what does that really mean? check to Dr. Danielle Kassow, when a child states that they be uninterested in whatever they are doing or working on, it could mean that they simply want their parents, teachers, and daycare providers attention. Its common for a child to want the respect of an adult. Being a kid in society today, direction is passive needed by the parent whether in school or not. Adolescents need that extra push in order to gull up their possess mind about what they want to do next or what they are interested in.In order to help a child make up their mind, it could help to ask them questions like whats your favorite hobby or give the child educational projects to do. These questions and projects leave behind stimulate their minds and cease them to actually pay attention to something. Unlike a project that is men on, games on any kind of technological device lead kick them the chance to put their attention on something.If a child comes home from school and resumes their homework, says he is bored in the middle of the designation, it could mean that he needs a redirection of school work. His assignments may not be as challenging as they need to be for him. He is not work engaged in his school wo rk, therefore he hastens bored bit doing or listening to his lessons. Also, it could mean that he needs a clearer parcel as to what he should beat on or how he should start the homework.Children need a coach, whether its the parent or the teacher. Help him become motivated and less confused as to how or where he should start. propose his understanding grow a little clearer when pushing him in the direction to where he needs to start. This coach persona will help to child pick up an understanding about how to layout or outline his projects or assignments. It will not only give him a head start it will help him with all the assignments he may have some trouble with in the future. At times, a child saying they are bored could mean that they are independent and wants to organize their own activities. When adolescents get caught up in the technological world, they lose sight of how to rely on themselves to create their next activity. This causes them to want the guidance from the pa rent or teacher. duration there are still children that find themselves independent, they may get bored because they dont know how to entertain themselves.Kids need to find activities that they are able-bodied to do on their own. Things like drawing, simple building, or going outside to socialize or play with friends. Children need the time to be allowed to decide what they want to do, something that they are able to do. Giving them this time will help them reconnect with physical activities and not so much mental activities.When kids are doing their homework, and they seem to rely on their parents or teachers too much, you could give them a little time to themselves. In order to get them to think on their own without their parent saying you arent doing this right-hand(a) or this is unlawful do it again, let them work the assignment without any interruptions and eventually they will understand why they didnt get the right answer at first and how they got the objurgate answer in the end. After they are through the parent or teacher could check their work and then consecrate them what they got wrong or right. This is important for the child so they can be able to learn on their own without needing the help from the teacher or parent all the time.These little techniques will come to the guardian as an advantage. Not only is the child engaging in the activity, but he or she is enjoying the process. Its important to know what a child manner when they say they are bored so they can be helped. Whether its tough to figure out or there is a very easy solution, in the end there will be a drastic change in the child attention skills. Boredom is a concurring epidemic in todays society because of all the technology we rely on. Kids do not need to be unfastened to all these advantages we have at a young age. Being able to rely on themselves is important in the early stages of life.Although sometimes kids say those words some parents hate to hear Im Bored, it could h ave a complex meaning to it. Children may need attention from the parent or teacher, redirection of their school work, and some direction in completing projects and assignments. There are many ways to help children fall forth from spending too much times playing computer games, or PlayStation games and allowing them to have the responsibility of choosing their own activities. Helping them move in the right direction in school work, whether they are not getting the altercate they need or simply needing that extra help starting an assignment will ultimately have a positive effect on their progress. Independent children will need the time to figure out the correct answer on their own. The guardian will also get a positive result from giving them that time to correct their issues. Children are all different, when they say they are bored, it could be something drastic or something very simple. Its up to the parent or teacher to decide what the next move is for the child.

Child’s learning Essay

The contemplations you made were quite predictable. Those students whose parents back up the nurture of slope and participated in the home had more probability of encyclopedism the formal as easy as conversational arcminute sacred scriptures. Those students whose parents did non support the learning of slope did not have as much triumph with their arcminute verbiage. Education of any content supports the corresponding observations. Parental support and lodge is key to student success. Another key factor is the concept of congeries immersion in a hour linguistic communication.People are altogether immersed in their first style from birth. and so the spoken wrangle contracts or so automatic. Many students even have difficulty learning the ins and outs of their first language grammar beca pulmonary tuberculosis of this immersion, making the learning of the written first language difficult. Add to that the ascertain of a second language out of the context of livi ng. Even the observations of the second student, the 7th grader who was truly immersed in both her first and second languages, supported the value of immersion.But even though the first student, the 5th grader, was altogether immersed in her second language at school, it was the absence of the second language spoken at home that counteracted the learning she acquired during the school day. I also found it very interesting when the battle in the pronunciation of the raillery way was discussed. It was the sound specific to the ear that the observer could not distinguish. I had a similar experience in a class when discussing the wrangle ma and ma in an Asian language.The Asian character was not just written antitheticly, but both speech were pronounced differently. I could barely notice the difference in writing ( thereof posing a literacy issue on my part), nor could I hear the difference. When explained to me, how the inflection of superstar word went up (like an English ques tion), and the inflection of the other word went down (like an English declarative sentence), I still could not hear it. I could not make the distinction much like the Asian student could not hear the difference in our letters L and R. Even though I explained that the sound was made by different parts of our communicate and throat, she could not hear it. I was finally able to run across my deficit with ma and ma, I would be wise to learn the difference since whiz meant mother and one meant horse. I wouldnt want to mistreat them Allison Hill Your discussion about autism was interesting. It is difficult to determine how much cognitive ability is there and how much language scholarship is there in an autistic child.Through the descriptions of the boys behaviors, abilities and habits, along with the theories presented, the severity of autism is not clear. As you stated, autism is characterized by a lack of companionable skills and relationships, difficulty with communication, an d hard and repetitive behavior. This child was described as having relatively developed social and communication skills. Thus it would be initially assumed that this child had lowly autism. The descriptions and examples of the childs behavior go on to note that he does form social relationships but uses language only when he wants roughlything. piece of music some use of language indicates he understands the words, meanings and uses, other uses of language offer he does not. He certainly understands that verbal communication is a tool. So is autism a situation where one does not have the capacity to understand language, or where one makes the choice to use or not use language? It is an interesting question one that is not easy to answer. appearance of this subject supports either answer. Your observations also suggest that language acquisition whitethorn be based on individual need.Autistic children have different needs than other children. Autistic babies do not respond to fa ces and voices as other children do because they simply do not have the corresponding need to do so. Autistic children do not use language like other children simply because they do not have the same need to do so. When one word can get the coveted results, why use more? This particular child has learned the words he needs to get the results he wants in his world. You noted in these observations that this child does make errors when attempting to use language to get desired results. broadly though, the errors seem to be made when he is attempting to please another person, or give another person their desired results. It seems autistic children are less(prenominal) concerned with pleasing others. You concluded by stating that this childs language learning experience is typical of that of a more severe cutting on the autism spectrum. Again, it is difficult to determine since it is unclear whether it is cognitive ability or social need that affects the language acquisition.This disc ussion reminds me of an article I deal about requiring a deaf person to interact in a hearing world based on the rules of a hearing world. erstwhile the deaf person understood the rules of a language based on sound and hearing, she was able to communicate appropriately in the hearing situation. It was as if this deaf person was bilingual she had to know her language (ASL) and the ins and outs of spoken English. It seems that an autistic child must learn the rules of two vastly different languages one language based on a very social world, and one based on a less social world. Amy LambertYour observation confirms the theory that total immersion in a outside language produces a more fluent speaker of that language. Studying a foreign language in a school setting usually only focuses on the written aspects of that language reading, writing, grammar. Without that constant hearing and speaking, the language acquisition is lost. It was interesting that you made a distinction between l earning a foreign language and learning a second language. There is a difference between speaking a language based on learned rules, and speaking a language based on olfactory sensation the language.Motivation also seems to be a factor in learning a language. Whether it be learning a foreign language or learning a second language, one must have some important reason for the study. With this woman, her interest started first with the desire to do well in the subject and improve. For some, that is enough to learn a foreign language. For others, the indigence increases as the learner desires not only to know the language, but to become a part of the culture and speech community of that language and thus it becomes a second language.It was interesting that this womans heritage was affiliated to her second language of choice which may have initially contributed to her master motivation. Her father and grand parents were native speakers of Spanish but her mother did not know the langua ge. Speaking Spanish in the home was not stressed. Therefore there was an added challenge in becoming immersed in her chosen second language. This further confirms the theory that parental involvement and support in a childs learning is a major contributor to the success of that childs learning.My own experience learning a foreign language was similar to the observed womans experience. I analyse formal rules of the reading, writing and grammar of Spanish beginning in 10th grade. afterward three years of study in high school (which include a conversational Spanish course), I cannot say I am a fluent speaker of the language. I was never totally immersed in the language so I never truly HAD to learn to survive and communicate in that language. In addition, I never have some opportunities to use my knowledge and sharpen my skills. It just goes to show if you dont use it, you lose it.

Assess How The Language Of Teenagers Has Changed Over Time Essay

The speech communication of teen durationrs has potpourrid radically over time, the engross of slang and clichs ar this instant normally used in e preciseday English lyric poem, in particular amongst puerilers. For this rise I visited a local high teach to gain take the stand of how teenagers express themselves and converse with peers and adults, including adults in authority. I in the likes of manner observed an fire management session and listened to the language used in this setting and as well as at break times. The findings of these observations are on a tape transcription enclosed.The language of teenagers is greatly affected by television and pop medicine and this contributes to the change in modern day English and the phrases and slang that teenagers use, for personasetters case in the high school I visited the teenage boys used a view of phrases and lyric that are used in rap music, a boy referred to his virtuosos as homies rather that mates of pals the wor d homies is used a lot inside American rap music. This depicts how teenagers are influenced and how these kinds of rowing bring popular amongst teenagers.Swearing is excessively part of modern day language and is very common and has increased hugely over the years, swearing is now socially accepted amongst teenagers and their peers, swearing has always been frowned upon in the English Language but has increased drastically through the past ten years. The change in language is obvious amongst teenagers and adults, to a greater extent or less of the teenagers in the school I visited said that they would never swear at parents and teachers and it is disrespectful, although they would not be as concerned about swearing at someone the analogous age as them as it is not offensive eachmore to their generation. This is because when the teenagers parents and teachers were growing up, swearing was seen as very offensive and a cross of disrespect.Case stu givesI asked a 15-year-old gi rl to find the five euphemisms that she would use for the following (a) to die, (b) to urinate (c) to be a rummy (d) to judge how-dye-do to a friend.I also asked a 15-year-old boy to do the same exercise, these are my findingsChloe To die to pass away, to kick the bucket, to be no time-consuming with us, to put up slipped away, to have kiffed it.To urinate to go for a wee, to do a number one, to have a piss, to wet the daisies, to relieve myself.To be drunk pissed, bladdered, wasted, trollyed, out of it.To say Hello to a friend alright, hi, hiya.Lee To die to kiff it, kick the bucket, passed away, to have gone to the pearly gates, passed onto the other side.To urinate to have a piss, to have a slash, to drain the main vain, to go the bog, to sway the snake.To be drunk wasted, bladdered, pissed, out of if, wankered.To say hello to a friend alright mate, alright, how do, hi, or a head nod with no speech.The findings show that gender influences teenagers speech slightly the gir ls language is slightly more cultured than the boys and the boy used a lot of slang when referring to the above words and phrases, the most obvious ones were the words used when the male teenager refers to transit urine as shake the snake, and drain the main vain these sayings caused more amusement to Lees male and female peers. The teenagers are showing how they contribute to impudently meanings for words and lingual change. Euphemisms are one of the most fertile sources of impudently meanings, things that were thought to be to nasty to talk about directly were prone polite but roundabout expressions. An example of this is when indoor plumbing was firstborn installed into houses in the eighteenth century the room were first called water closet, this was shortly abbreviated to W.C and then replaced by privy, which had previously meant dressing table.These words are still seen as crude by many sight and other euphemisms have came into force such as toilet, bathroom. The te enagers regularly referred to the toilet as the loo and bog. Sex is another area where euphemisms show amongst teenagers, in the nineteenth century Jane Austin wrote in her novel they had no intercourse but what the commonest civility required , Jane Austin would of not of expect the effect that this sentence would have on the modern day reader, in her time the word intercourse meant dealings between people.In the twentieth century the phrase informal intercourse arrived this was used as a delicate way to refer to sex. This has now been bring down to intercourse, and this sexual sense is now so common that the teenagers in the school I visited found it impossible to use the word intercourse in any other sense. They also have their own words for sexual intercourse these words are not seen as offensive and are common in teenagers language. This shows how teenagers influence the change in word meanings and euphemisms in society.The teenagers in the school I visited also use a lot of clichs which, again is another sign of language change in todays society, adults are also guilty of using clichs in modern day English, which is were theInfluence could of came from for the teenagers to use clichs in their everday language, some of the most popular clichs I heard amongst the teenagers were at the end of the day, I hear what your saying and basically. The most common one was you know what I meanAnother chacteristic of teenage language is rising chanting at the end of a sentence. This has ache been noticed as a characteristic feature of Australian English, and is also favoured by some speakers of American English and is very popular within the language of teenagers, this was something that I noticed whilst speaking to the majority of the class.To me as a listener, a sentence ending on a rise sounds like a question as if the speaker is saying She comes from Sydney?, rather than do a declarative statement. But in the last ten years or so, the popularity of Australi an soap operas among British teenagers has led to the widespread toleration of this feature among younger people in the UK. It is too early to say whether this is short-term or whether rising intonation will become measure practice for a significant number of British speakers and the teenagers will advert it more popular the more they use it.The increasing popularity of the rising intonation can be traced back to a specific event the arriver in the UK of Australian programmes like Neighbours and Home and Away. Teenagers are big fans of these type of soap operas mean exposure to repeated instances of this feature has had measurable effects on the linguistic behaviour of quite large numbers of British speakers of all ages.Music such as rapping also influences teenagers and many succeed this way of speech some of these words appear below with the translations interpreted from a book of slang wordsBluh slurred pronunciation of line of merchandise, meaning homie or friend.Bredren meaning mate, or ones audience. It derives from the Jamaican ragga scene, not the German.Buggin Acting weird or upset. Same as playacting bug.Herb spliff, bud, dodo, doja, ganja, weed, etc.Wack Awful, cheap, stupid, weak, etc. Rarely spelled whack. Only preceded by wiggedy by the tragically ancient.Murk Murder. Also leave, as in Im finna murk. Peace.Punk Coward or arsehole (not in the anatomical sense).Bling excessively ostentatious or expensive jewellery, cars, etc. From the supposed sound made by light bouncing off diamonds. Its first known usage was in The Silvertones Bling Bling Christmas.(Fo) shizzle, my nizzle (For) sure, my nigger, or alternatively, yes, dear. -izzle is a standard suffix. So shizzle could also mean shit (meaning good), shoes, shirt or shed. (Slang a bluffers guide.1999.pg22)Wigga a pureness nigger, a wannabe.This way of speaking seems very common nowadays, but I suspect if we were to listen to teenagers from London we would hear a lot more of thes e words as Londons rap scene is a lot more popular than that of the North West. David Crystal says Its very recent, this new rhythm that comes from rapping, Until recently, people have spoken in the rhythms of Shakespeare stomach te tum te tum. But this new whang accent is rat tat tat tat tat. Its more common than Received Pronunciation these days. Hardly anyone speaks traditional RP any more maybe one or two per cent. (The language alteration pg22)As the language of teenagers changes there will be many linguistic changes and different features introduced over time, as teenagers are very impressionable it is favorable to see why these changes spread so quickly.BibligraphyThe language revolution. 2002. David Crystal(Cambridge Polity Press),Flappers to rappers- American youth slang-.Tom Dalzell(Merriam-Webster / Springfield, Massachusetts. 1996.)Socialinguistics Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski. Palgrave (1997)

Close Relationships Essay

I n perpetually fuddle been a actually well communicator, be it family, friends or strangers. After reading the article loaded Relationships Sometimes M aim Poor Communication it really hit ho using uphold for me. My save and I have poor communication skills. We have been in concert for the past six years, and we still have a problem commutating. He likes to take over the conversation, or cut me off when we be talking. I feel at times that he is talking at , non to me, or he is making me feel like I codt have a clue on what it going on.He has at times actually told me that I just dont cognise as much as he does, therefore his ideas and suggestions should be followed, and not questioned. This has honestly ca lend oneselfd a huge amount of arguments and constant disagreements. My life sentence-style is so busy I kick the bucket and think truly chop-chop and a lot of the time I guess I abide people to k direct what I mean without fully explaining it. In my note over tim e, people seem to communicate better with strangers than they do with family members.I feel that when communicating with strangers one tends to give to a greater extent detail, beca lend oneself you never chouse how a stranger entrust understand what you be trying to communicate. people commonly believe that they communicate better with close friends than with strangers. That closeness arouse lead people to overestimate how well they communicate, a phenomenon we term the closeness-communication bias, (Keysar, 2011) I found this sentence very interesting. A wife who says to her economise, its getting hot in here, as a hint for her husband to solve up the air conditioning a notch, may be surprise when he interprets her statement as a coy, amorous advance instead, (Savitsky 2011).It has bring into being very clear to me that even though I may communicate something to my husband, at times when he doesnt seem to understand, I get frustrated, I plan to try a lot of the communica tion tools I have learned in this class to try and help card-playing up my communications with my friends, family and co-workers. Our problem in communicating with riends and spouses is that we have an fancy of insight. Getting close to someone appears to wee-wee the illusion of understanding more than actual understanding, (Epley, 2011).I actually had this situation happen to me last weekend. My husband and I were on the job(p) in the yard, he was fixing a sprinkler wire, and I was replacing sprinkler heads and drip lines. We were both doing our own things while still working in the yard. I thought everything was going great, then out of now where, my husband says, that I dont appreciate the effort he is putting into helping Me in the yard.I was completely blown away. I said in a defensive tone, that I didnt know I had to tell him thank you every time he does forget around the house. I went on to say that it is his house to, so why do I perpetually have to thank him, or look him to do things to help out around the house. I know that I could have handled this situation differently however it really gets tiresome to always have to tell him I appreciate every single minuscule task that he completes. I had an some other situation in the midst of my husband and myself over the weekend.I was talking with him about precipitateing up our American flag, I asked him if he knew where my curtain rod went, I explained to him the one I was looking for, he finds this small rod and says that he wanted to use that one, I told him I already had plans for that rod, and the one I was looking for was perfect. He continued to take the rod that I did not want to use and put the flag on it, and they tried to hang it up. He unplowed telling me to just come and look at it. So later on telling him for the 7th time that I didnt want to use that rod, I went to look at it.It was too small and would not hang correctly, I told him that again, and he got pissed off at me, and told me to never ask him to help me do anything ever again I was pissed that he wouldnt listen to me it is always his way or no way. When this happens, it is very easy to become angry with my spouse because we expected them to understand what we meant or said, to listen and try to understand. As couples, we want to believe that we are on the same page all the time because we are so close.Whether we are face to face, back to back, in another room, or on the sound with each other, misunderstandings can and will happen without further questioning from the other spouse. When something is said, it is the other spouses responsibility to make sure they are clear in what they are hearing. Without this tactic, there will be misinterpretations between the spouses. This creates unhealthy communication between the spouses. My spouse it not a good family man, he prefers to do what he wants, when he want too. This tends to be a huge problem for our relationship.When my spouse gets mad at me for not comprehend to him, he starts making threats, like I mentioned earlier, dont ever ask him to help again, etc So, I stop including him in those things, then he starts going by means of all kinds of changes because of it. He would say, I support you in anything you do. Then he would vent like crazy about our life not being the same anymore. Your self-image, in turn, results in your level of egotism, the beliefs and feelings you have about yourself. Self-esteem has two primary components a sense of self-efficacy or your personal effectiveness and a sense of your personal worth and self-respect.However, your self-concept, self-image, and self-esteem are not destiny. You can also enhance your self-esteem through affirmations and positive self-talk, (Sole, 2011). You can build your self-image and your self-esteem by successful experiences. Your successes create self-confidence, which enables you to take on new challenges and continue to increase your self-esteem in an upward spiral of su ccess. It is critical that one learns to communicate accurately it will help all your relationships become stronger and be successful.

Bank of America Case Study Essay

Problem StatementCan pious platitude of America initiate, renew or terminate different sponsorship opportunities. Which of the different sponsorships leave alone have the biggest ability to help the banks melodic line segments set up there business objectives, and which ones could damage them.Background fix of America was operational in 29 states, District of Colombia and 43 foreign countries, serving mortal nodes, small to middle market businesses and large corporations. They provided a diversified run away of financial assistances, much(prenominal) as banking, investing and asset management. All this by three business segments Global Consumer and Small Business Banking, Global riches and Global Corporate and Investment Banking. The headquarters of Bank of America is located in Charlotte, North Carolina.One of the banks business strategies is to serve as a leading financial partner and advisor across all major(ip) sports. Owners, leagues and franchises can turn to them with all banking needs. The bank spent more on sponsoring sports then any other bank in the US establish bank. Sports such as major and minor baseball, the PGA-tour, NASCAR and NFL. Bank of America very grew from many smaller banks, as regional banks where acquired the bank got sport relationships along with the smaller banks which were kept to show their commitment to serving its customers and communities.Official Bank of BaseballSince 1880 Baseball was generally considered a part of Americas heritage and also a part of Bank of Americas culture that sponsored their employee baseball teams. And in 2004 the bank became the first company eer to be designated the Official Bank of Baseball.Sports admirership Philosophy and Selection CriteriaIn 2006 give out Bednar joined the Bank of America as senior VP and global sponsorships executive, he was there to oversee the strategy and activation deployment for the companys loquacious sport sponsorships portfolio. His largest responsibilit y lied with the application of more difficult and declared business criteria, beyond his employment to the traditional marketing/promotional considerations and making sponsorships determinations.Bednar explainedWe are a Bank. If we sponsor, we expect banking relationships. We are concerned about getting banking business instead of just generating brand awareness and brand association, or generating more retail traffic. Sponsorships for Bank of America is ultimately a banking business decision- a decision to help our line of business.NASCARWith a broad area as 1800 racing events and more than 110 tracks in 36 states it is class-conscious number one corporate interest and per-event attendance, and number two in television viewership. Given Bank of Americas long involvement with NASCAR, they could continue to expand their association with the sport and benefit and build lighting for fans across the coun return. nevertheless is this an appropriate and effective platform for targe ting multiple customer segments.U.S Olympic CommitteeThe banks involvement with the Olympic team gores back to 1921. But in 1992 another bank, Bank America became the Official Bank Sponsor of the U.S Olympic team. What Bank of America now faced was whether the USOC and the Olympic Games remained a good strategic fit with the bank? Should the bank renew its sponsorship beyond its 2008 commitment? Would global reach associate well with the banks philosophy and survival of the fittest criteria?Dallas CowboysBank of America had been involved in the financing of the Dallas Cowboys. Bednar faced the decision of whether or not to renew the sponsorship with the NFL-team, how had to consider on how the return on investment on objectives approaches could be applied.Bank of America PGA tournamentsTwo of their major sponsorships in golf were the Bank of America Championshipin the capital of Massachusetts area and the Bank of America Colonial in Fort Worth, Texas. They recognise the risk of lo sing the relationships with club members, but not as enough to free the continued investment. How could the implement this exit strategy and still maintain alert banking relationshipsRecommendationsThe name of the company clearly states who the costumers should be. My recommendations would be to focus on the sponsorships inwardly the America. NASCAR, NFL and Baseball are great opportunities to create relationships with their costumers. They might even try to become the Official bank of NFL one day. With that said I hark back the bank should try and sponsor less of the global sporting events such as the Olympic committee. The PGA tour, while it is played in the US it is televised in the whole world and since they are not reaching towards that market, I cogitate less sponsorship should be put in this event as well. As for the Chicago marathon they should sell the event but stay as sponsor.QuestionIf Bank of America would like to go global, would they have to compound their name to something less patriotic?

Is Consumerism needed to make the US economy healthy? Essay

When we define consumerism, we see that it is the protection or furtherance of the interest of consumers. In other words it is the preoccupation of society with the learning of consuming goods, however the theory that an increasing consumption is beneficial.The United states search a colossal challenge, an economic affliction of great proportions. For decades we accept piled deficit upon deficit, mortgaging our hereafter and our childrens future for the temporary convenience of the present. To continue this long track is to guarantee tremendous social, culture, political, and economic upheavals. The economic ills we suffer have experience upon us over several decades.They result not go out in days, week, or months, but they will go away. How does the situation step up today? A 2009 report of the U.S Department of Housing and Urban suppuration state increasing numbers of people are vulnerable to burden infrastructure, inadequate housing, and outmoded health system. In deta il the United Nations performance UNHABITAT projects that within three decades, one of the three people will live in near total despair lacking sanitisation and clean water, exposed to the imminent effects of diseases and possible pandemics.The U.S economy is even so not good unemployment at 7.5%, wages for man who do have jobs are stagnating, but the economy is gradually getting better consumer assurance is at a fiveyear high and new claims for idle benefits at a five year low in fact in the past six months, employers have added 200,000 jobs a month. Stock commercialize indexes are up more than 15% so far this year.

Hitler’s Foreign Policy

History Hitlers Foreign Policy The Revival of Germ any January 1933 Hitler becomes chancellor Hitlers Foreign Policy shows 1. Destroy Treaty of Versailles (Versailles had limited Germanys armed forces, purportn away her colonies, forced Germany to give primer to her neighbours which meant in that location were Germans under foreign rule) and impose German control in Europe. This manifold rearmament & the destruction of French each(prenominal)iance system. 2. magnetic north of German-Speaking people Hitler was an Austrian, he longed for Union 3. overtaketing living Space from sub-human Slavs USSR (according to Mein Kampf Hitlers real enemy non the West) & Poland. He argued Germans were the master race who undeniable living shoes as Germany was overcrowded and lacked food and raw materials. APPEASEMENT Appeasement was the insurance keep uped by the British and later by the French. Aim avoiding state of state of war with aggressive powers such(prenominal) as lacquer, Italy and Germany giving way to their demands provided these were non to unreasonable.Reasons Political divisions in France operose to take a strong stand & refused to go to war without British support as the French were ultra-cautious precaution of modern war idolatry of the dieer (particularly after Guernica) The Bomber will always prepare by & terror of poison gas heavy losses Treaty of Versailles unfair openhearted revise clauses Anglo-German friendship Germany would beget no need to be aggressive.Fear of collectivism threat salienter than Hitler Germany guarantee against communist involution assume for a strong Germany Economic co-operation between Britain and Germany would patron recover Germanys economy decrease of violence in Germany Public Opinion politics was supported by pacifist opinion. British frugal crisis couldnt soften expenses for rearmament. Britains military shortcomings economic crisis, Britain had not rearmed. From 1936-39 Britain rearmed to negotiate from a bureau of strength U. S. isolationism no supportExamples Rearmament -1933 Anglo-German naval proposal 1935 Hoare-laval 1935 Re-occupation of the Rhineland 1936 Anschluss 1938 Munich conference 1938 Czechoslovakia 1938 Results Did not work encouraged Hitler Allowed him to disgrace Versailles Made Germany strong Disarmament meeting 1933 The League called for a conference to persuade its members to disarm. Hitler treasured to appear morally justified before starting to rearm. Complaining Germany was the lone(prenominal) power to obtain disarmed, he suggested a general formula to be reached.When the separates refused he withdrew Germany from the gathering & from the League, then started var.ing up Germanys munitions industries. Re-armament To fulfill his aims, which he could only achieve by conquering the land he wanted, he had to re-build Germanys armed forces by defying Versailles. This was a popular policy as itappealed to chauvinistic angry a t limitations imposed by the treaty workers full interlocking industrialists unsound profits GambleGermanys armed forces were still namby-pamby Reactions Britainno interventionBritain didnt want to get involve in European affairs internal problems Britain didnt want to spent bullion on rearmament Great Depression France no intervention put up Mignot Line a series of heavily armed forts along the butt against with Germany. Italy ready to take action 1934, Austrian Nazis tried to overthrow the Austrian authorities by killing the chancellor. To prevent Hitler from taking control of Austria, Mussolini situated soldiery units in the border with Austria. Non-agression Pact 1934 Germany & Poland agreed to target a ten year non-aggression pact, which was later broken by Germany in 1939.Germany needed to buy succession to build up armed forces. She had to appear reasonable, until she could order from a position of strength. The pact also weakened the entete. This was simply r egarded as a temporary measure. Polandlack of confidence in France (French turned mickle a suggestion of a preventive war) fear of losing the Polish corridor. Austria 1934 Aim Union of Anschluss Actions Austrian Chancellor (Mussolinis protege) was shot dead by Austrian Nazis who occupied the radio station Austrian government lettuce coup. Reaction Mussolini prompts forces to Austrian frontier.Result Hitler was still weak so he denied German interest in conspiracy. Soviet Union enters the League 1934 The French Foreign Secretary managed to secure the Soviet Unions inlet to the League. This was another set bum for Hitler. The Saar plebiscite 1935 End of French 15 year presidentship of Saar (coalfields, factories, railway centre) Plebiscite held Saarland returned to Germany (inhabitants-German) Hitler regarded this as a victory against Versailles Introduction of Conscription 1935 aft(prenominal) 2 years of secretly re-arming Hitler announced there would be arrogant military se rvice for all men.By 1938 Germanys armed forces were as good as Frances. Hitler justified himself arguing he was responding to the French affix in military service and British increase in airforce. Stresa social movement 1935 Great powers took no military action. At Sresa Prime ministers of France, Britain & Italy joined to body forth Locarno. The League censured German rearmament. In May France & Russia signed pact for vernacular assistance. Russia & Czechoslovakia signed another pact where it was understood that Soviet aid would follow French initiative.The Stresa Front was undermined by the Anglo-German naval treaty and the Abyssinian affair. Anglo-German naval plan 1935 British aim limit German navy, the British argued that Hitler would rearm leastwise and that a limit was better than no limit at all. parallelism German limited to 35% of the tonnage of British fleet & speed of light% submarines. Results o British approval of Germanys right to rearm (disapproval of Versail les) France and Italy were evoke o Stresa front broken Reoccupation of Rhineland 1936While the League was busy relations with the Ethiopian affair, German troops reoccupied Rhineland defying Locarno treaties & treaty of Versailles Hitler tried to reassure France & Belgium with qualifyings to sign tranquillity pacts Gamble German army was still weak Enemies could have easily defeated them Generals were nervous & ready to withdraw at original sign of trouble Humiliating for Hitler and generals coup detat Reaction Britain & France distracted by Ethiopia Britain sympathetic (believed Germans were only moving back to their own back garden appeasement, they were impressed by Hitlers 25-year peace offer.France Didnt mobilise. France wasnt willing to take action without British support. France was divided, there had been riots. The French as the British were ready to see how Hitler would behave in the future. Results Hitler was encouraged to take further gambles he underestimated allies Hitler was popular almost impossible to move against him Secure strategic position in any future war against France Germany started building Siegfried line Possibility to set on weak countries Poland Austria 1938According to Mein Kampf the compactness of Austria was the Hitlers first territorial revision of Versailles. Hitler was an Austrian and longed for this union. Hitler expected the Austrian Nazis to undermine the state and then call in the Germans. The Democracy had already ended and a type of clergical dictatorship had been established. Shuschniggs attempts To maintain Austrian independence, Schuschnigg relied on Mussolini. He had attempted to placate the Germans with a pact in 1936. Austria announced her German character.Representatives of the national opposition entered the government and Nazis were released in win over for no more conspiracies or illegal propaganda. When Schuschnigg discovered plans for an Austrian-Nazi coup detat he asked Von Papen to arrange a meeting with Hitler. Hitlers demands The meeting In February 1938 Hitler met Schuschnigg for a discussion about the relationship between their countries. After sound Schuschnigg for several hours Hitler handed him a list of ten demands Austrian Nazis should be reinstalledA leading Nazi Seyss-Inquart was to be made minister of the inside key position that gave him control over the police Close economic and military relations were to be established Schuschniggs attempts to maintain peace To prevent a Nazi take-over he organised a balloting on the question of union with Germany Failure on winning transnational sympathy Britain refused to give any conforting advice France did not call up any reserves lack of British support Italy Mussolini was aware of where power laid, when he learned that Tyrolese would continue under Italian rule he decided not to intervene.He was not interested in Austria, Hitler promised to befriend Mussolini in any circumstances. Hitlers reaction He dema nded the balloting to be postponed & Schuschnigg to resign or the German army was to assail Austria. Schuschnigg resigned along with all government ministers except Seyss Seyss-Inquart became chancellor & invited the German army to occupy Austria Austrian Nazi opponents were arrested and the jews were deprived of civil rights A plebiscite was held & there was an official yes vote in facour of the Anschluss. Results 1.Hitler took first step to create a big Germany 2. Germany was built by the incorporation of Austria. Population 7 million. Resources iron, steel, magnetite. 3. Strategic benefits Czechoslovakia weaker, surrounded by German territory. Open door into the Balkans 4. Hitlers Popularity increased. Opposition became more intemperate 5. Relationships with Italy improved Mussolini sided Germany 6. Jews were deprived of civil rights 7. France & Britain delivered protest to German government no arm Czechoslovakia 1938 Minorities in Czechoslovakia due toPopulations throughou t Europe were mixed Sutelenland montanious soil which provided a strong frontier against Germany. Czech Crisis The 1930s depression & arise to power of Nazis encouraged a German peoples army led by Henlein to demand for the Sudetenland to be transferred to Germany The Czechs mobilised part of their forces and the Russians told the French they would delight in their 1935 agreement to protect Czechoslovakia. Hitler and the sudetenland Hitler instructed his generals to prepare for an invasion by 1st October RisksCzechoslovakia was well-equipped for a war (large army,large air forceand industry. 2 Powerful allies o France disinclined to fight germany,the army wasnt ready o USSRgreat political problems + war with Japan Britain & France asked Hitler to be reasonable, however encouraged president Benes to wear Henleins 8 points. He reliable. Chamberlains Aeroplane Diplomacy Chamberlain followed the policy of Appeasement when the Czech crisis began. When the Czech crisis deepened, Cha mberlain was encouraged to fly to Germany and speak with Hitler personally.Berchtesgarten At Berchtesgarten when Hitler demanded the cession of the Sudetenland Chamberlain agreed to hand over areas of the Sudetenland with over 50% of German population. Then Chamberlain persuaded the Czechs and the French to agree. Godesburg Chamberlain flew to Germany and found Hitler wanted all of the Sudetenland and the Czechs to give land to Poland and Hungary. The British cabinet refused to accept France called up reserves Czechoslovakia had already tell mobilisation Countries prepared for war The Munich Conference 1938Reasons Chamberlain didnt like the cyclorama of war unlikely to win support of empire + commonwealth He thought it was better to fight for a clearer cause and not a earth which was so far away that most British had not hear of Britains air defences were still weak Germany was producing a new-fangled aircraft Me-109 Britain needed time to prepare time for factories to produce aircrafts in big numbers, develop radars, spitfires Britain was not likely to win parallelism Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain and Daladier met at Munich. uncomplete the Czechs nor the Soviets. They all agreed that the Czechs had to give the Sudetenland to Germany or they would have to fight Germany solely. Czechoslovakia accepted Results Germany strengthen by surrender of mountain fortifications Czechs lost mountain fortifications easier to attack balance of powerGermany o Millions of Czechs o Industry armaments o Raw materials Poland seized the Teschen zone coalmines & Hungary took land they were encouraged to side Hitler Chamberlain hero (short term)Soviet Union disquieted the air jacket would do nothing to stop Hitlerthey feared they would have to face the Germans alone Hitlers ambitions increasedbelieved Britain and France wouldnt stand up to him. Czechoslovakia Destroyed 1939 Hitler claimed the Czech government had lost control and that a civil war would break if Germa ny didnt intervene Hitler bullied Hacha into inviting German troops to occupy the country threat to bomb Prague After Hacha issued the invitation he used this as an excuse to justify his actions promenade 1939 German troops marched into PragueBohemia and Moravia Protectorate of germany o Slovakiaremained independent became a pecker state o Ruthenia Hungary Britain & France protested but took no action as Germany had technically been invited into Czechoslovakia. The polish Guarantee Agreement Britain gave Poland a guarantee to protect it from Germany. France later supported it. Reasons The Polish corridor Germany wanted it back (German inhabitants). Chamberlain realized Hitler couldnt be stopped by appeasement stronger measures were take to stop Hitler.Problem Britain and France were geographically unable to defend Poland and succeed. Hitlers reaction ignore it issued an order to invade Poland Germany and Italy 1934 enemies Mussolini stopped Hitler from taking Austria 19 35Italy was angry with Britain and France Ethiopia 1936 Rome Berlin axis cooperate against communism o Fascists dictators Anti-comintern pact (Italy, Germany and Japan) work against internationalist communism 1938 Mussolini allowed Germany to take over Austria 939italy invaded Albania to snap the occupation of Prague The Pact of Steel 1939 AgreementThey would support each other in a war Mussolinis request materials Italy needed to help Germany Italy was not prepared for a war Germany and the USSR Hitlerhated communism wanted to take lebesraum from USSR. Hitler regarded the Soviets were his main enemies as stated in Mein Kampf Soviet Union most hated the Nazis The Nazi-Soviet pact 1939 (Ribbentrop-Molotov)Agreement -If Germany attacked Poland the USSR was to remain neutral Agreement -Germany could occupy the horse opera parts including Danzig and the Polish corridor USSR entitled to occupy western parts Baltic provinces Result Germany was free to attack Poland USSR only grea t power capable of defending Poland. USSR Reasons 1. failure to reach an agreement with the west Soviet Union was still backwards and needed time to develop. Anglo-French impuissance Stalin feared he would have to fight Germany alone. 2. British reluctance to ally Churchill urged an bond paper only way to stop Hitler British Government was frightened if not more of Stalin than Hitler Conservatives hated communism Nazis guard against spread of communism in Europe Soviet strength was underestimated British believed purges had weakened the armed forces, officers had been killed Chamberlains reluctance probably as the opposition wanted an alliance British responses were slow and made by low-ranking officials in contrasts with Stalins quick responses to Birtish initiative, he took negotiations seriously. Edens offer to go on special bang rejected 3. Fear of Japan Clashes between soviets and Japanese increased Japan was a threat to soviets who didnt like the prospect of a was with 2 fronts. Stalin needed security in Europe 4. Attractiveness of German offer Territory in eastern Poland (contained ethnic Russians, seized by Poland after the Russo-Polish war) cushion zone against Poland 5. Desire of a breathing space Buy time to prepare defenes Get armed forces ready Industralize Russia Prepare for war Get effects of modernization through German reasons 1. Prevent a war with 2 fronts 2. Desire to invade Poland Results Germany was free to attack Poland USSR only country geographically capable of defending Poland Events -September 1invasion of Poland September 3outbreak of war -Britain and France realised the necessity to stop Hitler prevent expansion of Germany -The Czech guarantee was not honoured couldnt afford the same with Poland affect international credibility -Corridor concession had been encouraged Support of British and commonwealth -British Factories were readu to build modern fighter planes Reasons for World War II Hiters ambitions(fo reign policy) o resolute to acquire Sudetenland o Germany invaded Poland U. S isolationism o U. S did not get involve in European affairs Appeasement o Allowed Hitler to destroy Versailles o Encouraged him to believe countries would not stand up to him o A stronger Policy could have destroyed Hitler (e. g. Rhineland) Nazi-Soviet Pact o Freed Hitler from a two front war o Allowed Hitler to attack Poland

Critical Analysis of The Apology of Socrates by Plato Essay

Socrates was an orator and philosopher whose immemorial interests were logic, ethics and epistemology. In Platos Apology of Socrates, Plato recounts the speech that Socrates gave shortly to begin with his death, during the trial in 399 BC in which he was charged with profane the young, and by non believing in the gods in whom the city believes, withal being a busybody and intervene gods business. The name of the trim itself is not mean what it is appe ared here, Socrates is not apologizing, only if merely speaking in defense team of his beliefs and actions the word apology is used in the context of its superior meaning.During this apology, Socrates attempts to explain himself and the decisions that led to his action, educating his audience in the philosophical questions he chooses to pose. Socrates does not try to avoid death in the trial instead, his goal is to shed light on the public for the last time before his own passing. Socrates was always spell-bound with the sol ving of questions, both big and small his approach was to use the Socratic method of inquiry, wherein he would break the problem guttle into several questions, and thusly schemeatically regard the answers to each question in high society to find the larger answer.It was a methodical and practical approach to show his nett quest for seeking the true k straightledge. He says, His wisdom is truly wasted this is indicative of his unending search for more and more knowledge (Apology 23b). jibe to him, philosophy starts by restrainting that you are ignorant of the truth, which is what he does here. It is with this approach to philosophical questions and dilemmas the use of Socratic irony that Socrates chooses to engage with his audience and demonstrate why he did what he did. The Socratic method of dialectical investigation apply arguments to try and determine ethics and truth.Two techniques were primarily used by Socrates first, he would create a hypothesis, and then he wou ld investigate whatever potential conflicts with that hypothesis. Assumptions and presumptions would be challenged in order to discover what was true. Socrates focused on valuing thought above all else. His primary method was asking questions, developing hypotheses, and testing them to see if the evidence supported them. Socrates, for the more or less part, values the angiotensin converting enzyme of society, and feels as though a group of passel coming together to form a community should be respected by honoring the social contract.At the identical time, in that respect are aspects of the self that are more important than a communal whole, and a society moldiness be made up of individuals that follow the principles shared by the whole. angiotensin converting enzyme should not be forced to be collect in a mien inconsistent with their beliefs an rarified society is comprised of individuals who may all subscribe to the various philosophies alone are able to listen and e xcept others idea the same time. As Socrates menti matchlessd in the text that a someone should be gauge by what he hire down, not by his behavior.It is only then that justice can be really served. Socrates approach to the trial is admirable instead of expressing panic or desperation at the prospect of his carriage ending, the man instead maintains his calm and simply, effectively explains his position. He presents himself as the ideal philosopher, being unwavering in his justification for his actions and compliments to inspire his audience. utilise his own use of figure of speech and his Socratic principles, he breaks down discussions he has with characters such as the Delphic oracle, Meletus, and more to expound his ideas.The number 1 of Socrates argument relies on the aforementioned acknowledgement of Socratic irony the most philosophical man is the one who admits his ignorance, and is able to point out the ignorance of others. When the oracle of Delphi told Chaerephon t hat no one is wiser than Socrates, he chose to go on a voyage to deal with this paradox he knew he was ignorant, so he could not be wiser than e preciseone else. To that end, he questioned politicians, poets and craftsmen, it coming to the ineffable conclusion that none of them knew what they were lecture about either.At that end, Socrates claims he began to see himself as a exemplar of the oracles words instead of pretending to know a great deal, he chose to profess his ignorance and be impartial with himself about it (23e). To that end, he was able to act as himself and maintain his integrity. During the trial, Socrates holds everyone else to the same standard when he talks about Meletus, his accuser, he calls him out on not in reality caring about what he professes to armorial bearing about namely, the charges against Socrates.Through the trial, Socrates has turn up not only Meletus do not care about the payoff he mentioned in the charge, also he has no idea what is he t alking about either a lot or a little, Socrates cleverly seduced Meletus go into his trap, by using the anger that Meletus hold against Socrates. Because patent there are some much better answers for Meletus to answer. Socrates had very detail ideas regarding what constituted the good bearing. To him, the most important value a person has is virtue, and the good living is spent looking for the Good. This was known as the cacoethes of wisdom.Socrates had little regard for servicemanly affairs, and the material or pleasurable things that many an(prenominal) people might consider to contribute to the good life instead, he thought that the best thing to do in life is to chase after the love of wisdom, instead of money, and reputation, and public honor (Apology 29d-30b). He defended this by documentation the philosophy, and emphasizing certain virtues that were purported to be the best things that gentleity could offer itself. By avoiding the search for wealth and instead grow ing as people, Socrates attempted to material body a community of better individuals.Socrates firmly believed that a higher order should be followed when conducting ones life whenever divine authority conflicts with valet de chambre authority, one must follow divine authority first. Gentlemen, I am your grateful and devoted servant, but I owe a great obedience to God than to you and as long as I black market breath and have my faculties I shall never stop practicing philosophy (Apology). He feels he has a duty, as a philosopher, to constantly question and examining the world around him to find answers, since his professed ignorance frees him from pretending he already knows verbalize answers. all of these arguments comment heavily on the charges against Socrates in essence, people hated his inquisitive and argumentation, as well as the perception that he was insulting those whom he was interrogating. Socrates lamented the focus on material wealth and power, at the expense of e schewing internecine exploration and philosophy. Are you not ashamed that you put on your attention to acquiring as much money as come-at-able, and similarly with reputation and honor, and give no attention or thought to truth and understanding and the ideal of your soul? (Apology).Here, he is condemning his audience (and the people of Athens) for not on the job(p) toward the greatest good, which is the study of self and the world around them this is the reason for his interrogating, and the very thing they are punishing him for. If he has to be irritating and maddening to his peers, so be it he give not stop until he improves the lives of the people he lives with, and all day long I will never cease to settle here, there and everywhere, rousing, persuading, and reproving every one of you (Apology 30e). This is a bold statement that proves his use of his defense to educate the people of Athens as to their own problems.In his second speech, after the jury voted guilty, He pr ovided his version of penalty that he thinks he deserves. Obvious there could be a better way to persuade the jury, unfortunately it is not how Socrates wants it to down. He keeps denying the penalty and showed no respect to the jury. The conclusion to his action is Socrates knows the life he will have will never be the same, and if the life is not turn out as he wanted, then it is not worth to living. He believes what he does is the best life for human being, and he was tried to teach the audiences a lesson.He notes that it might have been possible for him to save his life by begging the courts favor and appealing to them. However, he did not do this this was not out of ignorance or ineffectiveness in his approach, but he wanted to be honest and truthful about his opinions namely, that the jury and those who were charging him were afraid of his criticism. To Socrates, it is better to die as an honest man who is unafraid of his convictions than to live having sacrificed them. Beca use of that, he wants to make an object lesson of himself to the jury, proving a life lived honestly is one which brings greater peace.In his final argument, when the jury votes to execute Socrates, he regarding his impending death plays into his central thesis. harmonize to Socrates, there are two kinds of death death as radioactive decay (you go to sleep and feel and experience nothing more) and death as transmigration (where you have a soul which goes somewhere else). Definition is defended by Socrates the annihilation should be looked forward to like you would finally going to sleep, and transmigration would simply bequeath him to talk to other great figures like Homer and Odysseus and learn from their wisdom.once more he use this argument to reiterate his central idea, such as people think they know about death but they actually not, and people needs keep examining, questioning, until the end of their life. In the end, Socrates even wishing his enemy well he feels that, if you are a good man, you have nothing to fear in the life or the afterlife. He does not begrudge or hate his accusers and merely wishes to teach others to place the human good over the materialism and that corrupting his peers.His last words are, Well, now it is time to be off, I to die and you to live but which of us has the happier prospect is unknown to anyone but God (42a). After all Socrates is one of the best philosophers in the human history, unfortunate he is fail to edifying the most people in his age, the method of his is full of satirize, harsh, and direct to the highly sensitive position of peoples mind, it may solve the problem, but come with huge consequence. However, he understood it, he knows what he have down, may someday bring him to the trial even death, the determination of him pursue the goodness is unparalleled.Even many people thought his ideas is incomprehensible, and he said in the text that he is not a good citizen, shut up he is as good as a human bein g can be. After I read the Crito, his death sentence, to him, was the unfortunate but understandable result of living in a society that oversaw its peers. scorn his innocence, and the belief that the Athenian government was in desperate need of change, he still abided by its rules he believed that one can change the system from within, but you must still adhere to the decisions that society makes.In conclusion, Socrates defense at the trial, portrayed in Platos Apology, was simply another syllabus by which he sustain his philosophies about the virtue of thinking, self-improvement, and acting as a part of a greater whole of civilization. He was penalize and put to death for asking too many questions and corrupting the young, when in fact he was simply wishing to point out the ignorance of his peers (which he also shares).The principle of Socratic irony, wherein people are most philosophical when they admit they know nothing, was something that Socrates was trying to get other peop le to admit despite their professed knowledge, they truly were ignorant, and so they were learning nothing by not reconciling this attitude. While the trial did not save his life, Socrates did not care his intent was to show people the true meaning of living a human life, as well as demand greater mental testing of themselves.

The Effects of Social Norms on Society

Dr. Kenneth Hoffman Sociology 200-302 2 January 2013 The Effects of Social Norms on Society In a world where routine is dominant and convert is difficult to mystify by, social averages have become major assets for a smoothly public presentation day. With the try out of breaking normative appearance I wanted to do something subtle yet startling. Sometimes the smallest changes in behavior receive the toughest adjustments. outset impressions have a strong influence on a souls relationship with some 1 else. With that being said, I unconquerable to change the way I went about salute mass.The opening recognise of shakiness hands and smiling has become so coarse it has lost appraise and become routine. The subtle change I made to my greeting was that I decided to only say my piddle in a mo nonone voice and shake hands with the wrong hand, leading to responses of surprise, unease, and sometimes anger. With virtually tribe being right handed, I have made the supposal that th is could be why the common greeting is to shake with ones right hand. The normal greeting is to smile, say hello, and shake with your right hand. population have taken what use to be excitement to seeing separately other to going through common motions repeated multiple times.This greeting is a sign that one may have come from a proper upbringing and family, possibly middle to upper class. It is also taken as a common sign of acceptance to strangers meeting for the prototypical time. My sample size of quite a little ranged from people of all ages and relationships to me. I decided I would greet with a plain face and state my name and reach out with my left hand with all introductions. People who did not know me well believed I was unpleasant and felt awkward. My new greeting was taken with surprise, as people who know me well believed I was in a bad mood or having a bad day.If I dont do the norm Im considered agitate and negative. From the experiment I learned that people comm only receive me as joyful and energetic. In a way my own personal norm has evolved into me being upbeat whether my day has been good or bad. All people react to different stimuli in their own way. With that being said, I was move to find that out of the 20+ people I greeted against the norm, only one gave my greeting a normal response without interruption. The lone person was a 12 year old boy I see on a regular basis and he just continued what he was doing without a hint of awkwardness.The aged people would teach and try to correct what they took as my ignorance toward a common greeting. A few of these older experimentees actually refused to shake my hand unless it was a right handed shake. People around the same age as me were awkward with a sarcastic manner, laughed, or just went ahead and move my left hand after a moment of hesitation. With all the flying responses having large variance, the most correlated response was that people thought in that respect was something wrong with my well-being and tried to cheer me up.The overall response to the experiment ended up being quite humorous. It also opened my look to how much the people in my life care about me. composition I expected the awkward moments, I expected more people to just go along with it and not be startled. Even the slightest changes in ones actions can affect the response and mood of how people interact with one another. In this case, it was subtle yet changed the entire tinge of the exchanges between the people I intercepted. With responses ranging from laughter to confusion, the smallest changes in normative behavior can have most astonishing results.

Pro-Slavery Argument

Pro- thralldom The main issue in America politics during the geezerhood of the late 1840s to the late 1870s was slavery. Southerners wanted to keep the tradition of slave labour party alive, and were Justifying slavery in any appearance possible issue of slavery was a continuing debate in the 1800s. James Henry Hammond, ass C. Calhoun, and William Joseph Harper were some of the men most famous for propagating the pro-slavery argument. Slavery was the stinting foundation in the gray states during the 1800s.The efenders of slavery in the south had some(prenominal) arguments that they used to rationalize slavery. One argument was that ending slavery would crush the economy in the south. Another pro-slavery argument was that slavery was a raw(a) state of mankind since it has existed throughout history. The southern states to this day are the plain surplus for all of the United States crop production. For centuries, slaves were the most efficient and cheapest way to produce and harvest crops.The economic and political advantages of slaves are what ultimately al beginninged southern itizens to survive. During the late 1830s through early 1860s, the pro-slavery argument was at its strongest (The Proslavery Argument). after(prenominal) the Civil War, freed slaves often returned back to plantations in search of mvirtuosoy, because they did not film the resources to continue. If slavery was not abolished they would remain as property of the owner and would not have starved or been forced to work in low stipendiary Jobs.Even though they did not have the best living and on the job(p) conditions, they at least were given enough to survive. While I chink slavery is an ill moral, the concept of slavery is an economic plus. Furthermore in 1837, John C. Calhoun gave a speech promoting the overconfident good outcomes of slavery duration also declaring slavery was instead of an evil, a good a positive good (The Pro-slavery Argument). Today, top nations exploit third world countries resources and economic stability due to the fact they are unable function without exporting.Countries much(prenominal) as China, Taiwan, Thailand, and most countries in Africa, exploit children and women to roduce factory goods for little or no money. With that process occurring, China is expanding and will possibly become one of the next top super nations. Chinas explorations of its citizens allowed the countries expansions, which will ultimately develop the state of matter Just like the United States. While Africas resources, such as unparalleled metals, are being metaphorically robbed by other nations. Countries will bribe their resources for almost nothing, while they are being produced by low paying workers.Although the top nations have abolished slavery, they still manipulate the countries that use slavery. This process allows countries to outsource their money in return of large profits. Southern pro-slavery theorists asserted that slavery eliminated this problem by elevating all free people to the status of citizen, and removing the landless poor (the mudsill) from the political process entirely by means of incarceration (The Pro-slavery Argument). Works Cited The Pro-slavery Argument Boundless. Boundless. O

Project Management and Monitoring

ob get along is the regular observation and recording of activities fetching place in a escort or programme. It is a summons of r come out of the closetinely gathering teaching on all aspects of the forecast. To oversee is to founder on how bug out activities be upgradeing. It is observation clayatic and purposeful observation. monitor lizard also involves giving feedback about the gird of the jut out to the donors, implementers and beneficiaries of the jutting. Reporting enables the self- seeed entropy to be employd in making decisions for improving parturiency performance. observe is the governing bodyatic stash awayion and analysis of randomness as a project progresses. It is aimed at improving the efficiency and posture of a project or transcription. It is familyd on targets set and activities planned during the planning phases of locomote. It helps to keep the elaborate on way, and bottomland let man seasonment recognise when things argon spill age wrong. If done properly, it is an valuable tool for good management, and it renders a wasting diseaseful melodic theme for military rating.It enables you to determine whether the resources you lead available argon sufficient and be macrocosm well employ, whether the talent you acquit is sufficient and appropriate, and whether you ar doing what you planned to do Purpose of observe Monitoring is very important in project planning and implementation. It is like watching where you argon going while riding a bicycle you can adjust as you go on and ensure that you are on the right track. Monitoring wins entropy that go out be useful in Analyzing the situation in the community and its project Determining whether the inputs in the project are well utilized Identifying tasks liner the community or project and finding solutions Ensuring all activities are carried out properly by the right the great unwashed and in time utilise lessons from one project experience on to another and Determining whether the look the project was planned is the most appropriate demeanor of solving the problem at hand. Planning, Monitoring and Controlling Cycle pic Importance of Monitoring Monitoring is important because it provides the only consolidated source of information showcasing project progress it allows actors to settle from each others experiences, building on expertness and seeledge it often generates (written) reports that contri just nowe to transparency and accountability, and allows for lessons to be shared lots easily it reveals mistakes and offers paths for key outing and improvements it provides a basis for questioning and testing assumptions it provides a marrow for agencies seeking to learn from their experiences and to incorporate them into policy and practice it provides a route to assess the crucial link between implementers and beneficiaries on the fundament and decision-makers it adds to the retention and increase of institu tional memory it provides a to a greater extent juicy basis for raising funds and influencing policy. WHY DO MONITORING? Monitoring enable you to check the bottom line (see Glossary of Terms) of stand upment do Not are we making a profit? but are we making a distinction? Through monitor and rating, you can _ reappraisal progress _ Identify problems in planning and/or implementation _ pay back adjustments so that you are more likely to make a difference.In m any(prenominal) transcriptions, observe and military rank is some(prenominal)thing that that is seen as a donor indispensability rather than a management tool. Donors are certainly entitled to have sex whether their money is being properly spent, and whether it is being well spent. But the special (most important) use of monitoring and evaluation should be for the face or project itself to see how it is doing against objectives, whether it is having an impingement, whether it is acidifying efficiently, and to learn how to do it better. Plans are essential but they are not set in concrete (totally fixed). If they are not establishing, or if the circumstances change, thence plans deprivation to change too.Monitoring and evaluation are both tools which help a project or organisation know when plans are not working, and when circumstances have changed. They give management the information it postulates to make decisions about the project or organisation, about changes that are necessary in strategy or plans. Through this, the constants remain the pillars of the strategic framework the problem analysis, the vision, and the throwaway outs of the project or organisation. Everything else is negotiable. (See also the toolkit on strategic planning) Getting something wrong is not a crime. Failing to learn from past mistakes because you are not monitoring and evaluating, is.The effect of monitoring and evaluation can be seen in the following cycle. Note that you volition monitor and adjust sev eral times before you are ready to evaluate and replan. Monitoring involves _ Establishing indicators (See Glossary of Terms) of efficiency, effectiveness and stir _ Setting up systems to collect information relating to these indicators _ Collecting and recording the information _ Analysing the information _ Using the information to inform day-to-day management. Monitoring is an internal function in any project or organisation. WHAT DO WE WANT TO KNOW? What we pauperization to know is conjugate to what we think is important. In development work, what we think is important is linked to our values.Most work in civil society organisations is underpinned by a value framework. It is this framework that determines the standards of acceptability in the work we do. The central values on which most development work is built are _ Serving the separate _ Empowering the disadvantaged _ Changing society, not just helping individuals _ Sustainability _ Efficient use of resources. So, the fi rst thing we need to know is Is what we are doing and how we are doing it face-off the requirements of these values? In order to set this question, our monitoring and evaluation system must give us information about _ Who is benefiting from what we do? How much are they benefiting? atomic number 18 beneficiaries passive recipients or does the mould enable them to have some control over their lives?_ argon there lessons in what we are doing that have a broader opposition than just what is happening on our project? _ Can what we are doing be sustained in some way for the long-term, or give the impact of our work cease when we leave? _ Are we getting optimum outputs for the least possible amount of inputs? MONITORING When you aspiration a monitoring system, you are taking a formative placement point and establishing a system that will provide useful information on an ongoing basis so that you can improve what you do and how you do it. On the next page, you will find a suggested member for aim a monitoring system.For a pillow slip study of how an organisation went about designing a monitoring system, go to the section with pillowcases, and the example given of designing a monitoring system. Monitoring DESIGNING A MONITORING SYSTEM Below is a step-by-step process you could use in order to design a monitoring system for your organisation or project. For a case study of how an organisation went about designing a monitoring system, go to examples. bill 1 At a workshop with appropriate staff and/or volunteers, and run by you or a consultant_ Introduce the concepts of efficiency, effectiveness and impact (see Glossary of Terms). _ develop that a monitoring system needs to cover all three. sire a list of indicators for each of the three aspects. _ Clarify what variables (see Glossary of Terms) need to be linked. So, for example, do you want to be able to link the age of a teacher with his/her qualifications in order to answer the question Are older teacher s more or less likely to have high qualifications? _ Clarify what information the project or organisation is already collecting. Step 2 Turn the input from the workshop into a brief for the questions your monitoring system must be able to answer. Depending on how complex your requirements are, and what your capacity is, you may decide to go for a computerised data base or a manual one.If you want to be able to link legion(predicate) variables across many cases (e. g. participants, schools, parent involvement, resources, urban/rural etc), you may need to go the computer route. If you have a few variables, you can plausibly do it manually. The important thing is to begin by knowing what variables you are interested in and to keep data on these variables. Linking and analysis can take place later. (These concepts are complicated. It will help you to read the case study in the examples section of the toolkit. ) From the workshop you will know what you want to monitor. You will have the indicators of efficiency, effectiveness and impact that have been prioritised.You will then choose the variables that will help you answer the questions you think are important. So, for example, you index have an indicator of impact which is that safer sex options are chosen as an indicator that puppyish slew are now making certain and mature lifestyle choices. The variables that might affect the indicator include _ bestride _ Gender _ Religion _ Urban/rural _ Economic category _ Family environment _ Length of exposure to your projects initiative _ Number of workshops touched. By keeping the right information you will be able to answer questions such as _ Does age make a difference to the way our message is received? _ Does economic category i. e. o young populate in richer areas respond better or worse to the message or does it make no difference?_ Does the number of workshops attended make a difference to the impact? Answers to these kinds of questions enable a project or organisation to make decisions about what they do and how they do it, to make informed changes to programmes, and to measure their impact and effectiveness. Answers to questions such as _ Do more people attend sessions that are organised well in advance? _ Do more schools participate when there is no charge? _ Do more young people attend when sessions are over weekends or in the evenings? _ Does it salute less to run a workshop in the community, or to pick out people to our training centre to run the workshop? nable the project or organisation to measure and improve their efficiency.Step 3 Decide how you will collect the information you need (see collecting information) and where it will be kept (on computer, in manual files). Step 4 Decide how often you will contemplate the information this means putting it together and trying to answer the questions you think are important. Step 5 Collect, psychoanalyse, report. PURPOSE OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION What development inter cessions make a difference? Is the project having the intended results? What can be done unalikely to better meet goals and objectives? These are the questions that monitoring and evaluation allow organizations to answer.Monitoring and evaluation are important management tools to track your progress and facilitate decision making. While some funders require some sheath of evaluative process, the greatest beneficiaries of an evaluation can be the community of people with whom your organization works. By closely examining your work, your organization can design programs and activities that are effective, efficient, and yield powerful results for the community. Definitions are as follows Monitoring can be defined as a continuing function that aims primarily to provide the management and main stakeholders of an ongoing intervention with early indications of progress, or neglect thereof, in the achievement of results.An ongoing intervention might be a project, program or other kind of support to an outcome. Monitoring helps organizations track achievements by a regular order of information to assist apropos decision making, ensure accountability, and provide the basis for evaluation and learning. STRATEGIC QUESTIONS In conducting monitoring and evaluation efforts, the specific areas to consider will depend on the actual intervention, and its stated outcomes. Areas and examples of questions include Relevance Do the objectives and goals match the problems or needs that are being addressed? Efficiency Is the project delivered in a timely and cost-effective manner? Effectiveness To what extent does the intervention achieve its objectives? What are the supportive factors and obstacles encountered during the implementation? Impact What happened as a result of the project? This may include intended and unintended imperious and negative effects. Sustainability Are there lasting benefits after the intervention is realised? COMMON TERMS Monitoring and evaluation ta ke place at different levels. The following box defines the common terms with examples. INPUTS The financial, human, and material resources used for the development intervention. Technical Expertise Equipment Funds ACTIVITIES Actions taken or work performed.Training workshops conducted OUTPUTS The products, capital goods, and work that result from a development intervention. Number of people trained Number of workshops conducted OUTCOMES The likely or achieved short-term and medium-term effects or changes of an interventions outputs. Increased skills New employment opportunities IMPACTS The long-term consequences of the program, may be positive and negative effects. Improved standard of living stepwise Planning for Monitoring and Evaluation Steps for designing a monitoring and evaluation system depend on what you are trying to monitor and evaluate. The following is an outline of some general steps you may ake in thinking through at the time of planning your activities1. Identify w ho will be involved in the design, implementation, and reporting. Engaging stakeholders helps ensure their perspectives are still and feedback is incorporated. 2. Clarify scope, purpose, intended use, audience, and budget for evaluation. 3. Develop the questions to answer what you want to learn as a result of your work. 4. Select indicators. Indicators are meant to provide a clear means of measuring achievement, to help assess the performance, or to hypothesize changes. They can be either quantitative and/or qualitative. A process indicator is information that focuses on how a program is implemented. 5.Determine the data appeal methods. Examples of methods are document reviews, questionnaires, surveys, and interviews. 6. Analyze and synthesize the information you obtain. Review the information obtained to see if there are patterns or trends that emerge from the process. 7. Interpret these findings, provide feedback, and make recommendations. The process of analyzing data and unde rstanding findings should provide you with recommendations about how to beef up your work, as well as any mid-term adjustments you may need to make. 8. march on your findings and insights to stakeholders and decide how to use the results to strengthen your organizations efforts.Monitoring and evaluation not only help organizations reflect and understand past performance, but serve as a guide for constructive changes during the period of implementation. Why have a detailed toolkit on monitoring and evaluation? If you dont care about how well you are doing or about what impact you are having, why bother to do it at all? Monitoring and evaluation enable you to assess the quality and impact of your work, against your action plans and your strategic plan. In order for monitoring and evaluation to be really valuable, you do need to have planned well. Planning is dealt with in detail in other toolkits on this website. Who should use this toolkit?This toolkit should be useful to anyone wo rking in an organisation or project who is touch on about the efficiency, effectiveness and impact of the work of the project or organisation. When will this toolkit be useful? This toolkit will be useful when _ You are setting up systems for data collection during the planning phases of a project or organisation _ You want to analyse data composed through the monitoring process _ You are concerned about how efficiently and how effectively you are working _ You reach a stage in your project, or in the life of your organisation, when you think it would be useful to evaluate what impact the work is having _ Donors ask for an external evaluation of your organisation and or work. DESIGNING A MONITORING SYSTEM berth STUDYWhat follows is a description of a process that a South African organisation called Puppets against AIDS went through in order to develop a monitoring system which would feed into monitoring and evaluation processes. The main work of the organisation is presenting wo rkshopped plays and/or puppet shows related to lifeskill issues, especially those lifeskills to do with sexuality, at schools, across the country. The organisation works with a range of age groups, with different products (scripts) being appropriate at different levels. Puppets against AIDS wanted to develop a monitoring and evaluation system that provided useful information on the efficiency, effectiveness and impact of its operations. To this end, it wanted to develop a data base thatProvided all the basic information the organisation indispensable about clients and operate given _ Produced reports that enabled the organisation to inform itself and other stakeholders, including donors, partners and even schools, about the impact of the work, and what affected the impact of the work. The organisation made a decision to go for a computerised monitoring system. overmuch of the day-to-day information demand by the organisation was already on a computerised data base (e. g. schools , regions, services provided and so on), but the monitoring system would require a literal upgrading and the development of data base software specific to the organisations needs.The organisation also made the decision to develop a system initially for a pilot project, but with the intention of extending it to all the work over time. This pilot project would work with about 60 schools, employ different scripts each year, over a period of three years. In order to raise the money needed for this process, Puppets against AIDS needed some kind of a brief for what was required so that it could be costed. At an initial workshop with staff, facilitated by consultants, the staff generated a list of indicators for efficiency, effectiveness and impact, in relation to their work. These were the things staff wanted to know from the system about what they did, how they did it, and what difference it made. The terms were defined as followsEfficiency Here what needed to be assessed was how quick ly, how correctly, how cost effectively and with what use of resources the services of the organisation were offered. Much of this information was already collected and was contained in reports which reflected planning against achievement. It needed to be made computer friendly. Effectiveness Here what needed to be assessed was getting results in terms of the strategy and shorter-term impact. For example, were the puppet shows an effective means of communicating messages about sexuality? Again, this information was already being collected and just needed to be adapted to fit the computerised system.Impact Here what needed to be assessed was whether the strategy worked in that it had an impact on changing deportment in individuals (in this case the students) and that that change in behaviour impacted positively on Monitoring and Evaluation Monitoring and Evaluation by Janet Shapiro (email emailprotected co. za that happens when a donor insists on it, in fact, monitoring and evaluat ion are invaluable internal management tools. If you dont assess how well you are doing against targets and indicators, you may go on using resources to no useful end, without changing the situation you have identified as a problem at all. Monitoring and evaluation enable you to make that assessment.