What It Means To Be Human Religion Essay

What It Means To Be Hu bit Religion Essay1stFirst of every last(predicate), I would like to emphasize the theological and academic depth of Dr Mark Elliotts paper. I would also like to hump the initiative of the Ecumenical Institute at Bossey (especially of its director, Professor Fr Ioan Sauca) in organizing this dialogue mingled with Evangelicals and Jewish- Jewish-Orthodox which enables members of each tradition from different depicted object contexts to meet and explore atomic number 18as of convergence on major messiahian themes. much(prenominal)(prenominal) discussion mingled with the ii different traditions might bring to lilting common signalizes of doctrine and bring them closer to unmatched an other. The Orthodox destiny to draw ne arr to the Evangelicals, and the Evangelicals need to see the Orthodox world with to a greater extent confidence. The time has al submity come for us to be no bimestrial divided.bodThe theme of this years seminar, What it mode to be Human, give enable Orthodox and Evangelicals to explore, comp ar and contrast their understandings of what it mover to be homosexual (theological anthropology), and to reflect on how the extent of convergence in this bea might bring us closer in concert theologically and facilitate our joint practical action.hedConvergence and contrarietyhed11. The four clearive characteristics1stIn the offshoot part of his paper, Dr Elliott outlines save day Evangelicalism both from a historical and a systematic perspective. I squander illustrious the four distinctive characteristics of Evangelicalism those of conversionism, Biblicism, crucicentrism and activism, to which the Evangelical Alliance has added that of de give outry boyocentrism, for as Dr Elliott says it is hard to imagine each delivery boyian movement or denomination that would non call itself the Naz atomic number 18neocentric.bodThe first four characteristics argon also found in the Orthodox doctrinal framewor k in a more or less nuanced skeleton. However, the Orthodox might have nearly problems with the fifth element saviourocentrism in the star in which the author has mentioned it. The author writes, I I think Evangelicals do have a particular way of understanding the incarnation as creation less nearly the assumption of earth than as the practise of the god-man individual, who is more a substitute than a representative.For the Orthodox, delivery boy Christ, by his incarnation, has fake our graciousity in his augur hypostasis. In Jesus Christ our pitying genius has received its real existence, non as being its possess centre just now in a pre-existent centre, namely in the unity of the inspired hypostasis of the Logos. Through his incarnation the hypostasis of the reverent Logos did not unite with another forgiving hypostasis rather, he assumed manity beings nature in his ageless divine hypostasis, becoming, by means of this blusht, the hypostasis of our own mankind nature. Hence, through his incarnation, Jesus Christ as watchword of matinee idol became united in a supreme manner with our benignantity. In other words, he came into the closest possible law of proximity with us. This change is a consequence of the hypostatic union. That is why he is called god-Man.bodFrom this point of view, our benevolentity has been healed from all the effects and consequences of the original sin by Jesuss move over and resurrection. It is important to emphasize in this context that the sacrifice of Jesus was order not scarce towards his Father however also towards his own gentle nature and, implicitly, towards us piece beings. Through his sacrifice offered to God, Jesus Christ is do perfect as a human being, sanctifying or perfecting other human beings through this. The author of the Epistle to the Hebrews writes spendly on this matter and having been made perfect, he became the source of eternal salvation for all who obey him (Heb . 59). Or For if the blood of goats and bulls, with the sprinkling of the ashes of a heifer, sanctifies those who have been defiled so that their flesh is purified, how much more allow the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself without blemish to God, purify our conscience from dead works to idolization the living God (Heb. 913-14). The same author says further it is by Gods will that we have been decl ar through the pass of the body of Jesus Christ once for all For by a single offering he has perfected for all time those who are being sanctified (Heb. 1010,14). Christ has operate through his scotch and resurrection the first-fruits of those who have locomote asleep (1 Cor. 1520). Therefore, he is not a substitute for humankind, that the one who fully assumed and fulfilled it. From this perspective, we as human beings do not remain external to the incarnation, besides are truly present in it.hed12. Atonement one of the three issues in Evangelical theological anthropology1stFor the Orthodox, Christs sacrifice and his finish on the bollix are not silent as penal substitutionary atonement. From this point of view, statements like sin incurs divine temper and judgment and on the report, Jesus sacrificially atoned for sin by dying in our place and comebacking the price of such sin are subtle for our soteriological doctrine.bodThe Orthodox understand Jesuss death on the cross as being more a healing of the human nature disfigured by sin, and not as a price that Jesus had to pay in our place in order to satisfy God, whose honour is offend by our sin. In view of the fact that we have been created as an outpouring of Gods fill in, our sin has shaked him more sadness than offence. The conceit of a substitutionary sacrifice by means of which the offended honour of God was re-established, has more to do with a so-called juridical act (sin-punishment-redemption) than with one which would express the divine love or sym ro utey. In this respect, the Orthodox might also have a problem with the concept of inherited guilt. Although capital of Minnesota seems to be quite devolve in this respect Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death came through sin, and so death spread to all because all have sinned (Rom. 512) I think this may cause difficulties for the Orthodox. In my own opinion, capital of Minnesota is talking in this context about the consequences of sin rather than inherited guilt resulting from Adams sin. jibe to the divinity fudge of the church fathers, we consider the cross as the way to resurrection. From this point of view, Orthodox holiness is more resurrectional than Evangelicalism, although this does not mean that the Orthodox put less tenseness on the sacrifice of Christ than on his resurrection. In Orthodox worship, the fearfulness of the cross is not separated from the praise of the resurrection. This is wonderfully illustrated in a liturgical hymn W e worship your Cross, Jesus Christ, and your holy Resurrection we praise and honour.When considering the disparity between a Calvinian and a Grotian understanding of the cross, the Orthodox may ask, are the Evangelicals more Calvinian or Grotian? Dr Elliott points out that Calvin sees God as being blissful because his Son as man obeyed him. For Grotius, God is above any such sense of being offended. The anthropological premise is that humans are interpreted seriously by God, but what does this mean? From this point of view, the Orthodox are closer to the doctrinal position of Grotius than to that of Calvin. My question is further justified by the following point made by Dr ElliottTo be honest, those who espouse a view that God the Father did not send his Son to the cross with a view to his bearing a penalty are arguably those who see the cross as one doctrine among others, and perhaps are not crucicentric enough to be traditionally Evangelical.hed13. The Authority and Power of the sacred word of honor and The Uniqueness and Universality of Christ 2 theological issues high combusted by the Lausanne Covenant, 19741stThe concept of mission, based on the authority and power of the volume and the uniqueness and universality of Christ, may be a point of convergence between the two traditions. Nevertheless, at that place is a tendency for the Orthodox to put more ferocity on the liturgical reading of the watchword than on the teaching and treatment of it. As Professor sewer Breck has said,shortquote however important the place of the Bible may be in both personal and liturgical usage, for numerous a(prenominal) Orthodox that place is purely formal. They respect and venerate the Scriptures, they recognize many familiar passages, particularly from the Sunday Gospel readings, and they insist that theirs is a scriptural Church. Nevertheless, alone a humiliated minority seeks daily nourishment from Bible reading. we Orthodox have all too often neglected or tied(p) abandoned our patristic heritage which placed primary ferocity on the preaching of Gods Word.1stIn this sense, the frequently made comment that the Orthodox coddle the Bible and dont read it is not entirely unjustified.hed14. The true hear of God1stThe idea that human beings are created by and in Christ as the true contrive of God (Heb. 11-4) with the hope of a blithesome and immortal support is a point of convergence between our traditions. withal church fathers do not speak just now of the moving-picture show of God, but also and to an equal extent of the comparison ( illusion) to God. In this sense St John of Damascus says, the phrase fit in to the image means the reason and freedom, whereas according to the resemblance means likeness. He continues, the image is developed into likeness through the practice of virtues. Therefore, the image of God is something which is given to us and the resemblance is something that we have to achieve. It is only in this s ense that we might accept what Paul Evdokimov said An image without resemblance is one lessen to passivity. But even in a passive state, the realization that we are made in the image of God remains eikona tou Theou. This universe is gloriously expressed in the words of the Orthodox funeral service I am the image of your unspeakable glory, though I bear the marks of my transgressions.bodSince the man is created not only from dust but also through Gods breath of life it drives manifest that he has a special relationship with the nature from which he is formed, and also with God his Creator. As St Gregory of Nazianzus affirms, Since from dust I have been created, I give-up the ghost to the earthly life but being also a small divine part, I also carry in my life the swear for eternal life.Therefore, because he is made in the image of God, man is root and anchored in eternity. But being the image of God refers not only to the soul but also to the body. St Gregory Palamas sees th e image as relating to the whole human being The name man does not refer to the soul or the body in a separate way, but to both at the same time because they were created together according to the image of God.hed15. The weakness of the will and the bedeck of God1stWe as Orthodox fully agree that afterwards Adams sin, human will remained very weak. But in spite of this fact, human beings still have the freedom to choose for God. This was specially emphasized by the Patriarch Jeremias during a dialogue with the Lutherans around 1580, as Dr Elliott comments humans maintain the ability to choose for God freedom as the possibility of choice. According to the Orthodox perspective, grace does not force or limit the human will and its freedom. That is, grace does not work in or for human beings in an irresistible way, forcing them to receive grace in order to be saved without their collaboration. The reason why not all human beings are saved is not because this is predestined by God, with some people being saved and others being lost, but, rather, because of a lack of response by some people to grace. The grace of God does not force anyone to pursue actions independently of their will. That is why the Orthodox refuse to accept the concept of absolute predestination.bodNowadays, we render more and more voices among Orthodox in favour of a copulation predestination, in the sense that God desires everyone to be saved and to come to the fellowship of the truth (1 Tim. 24). This relative predestination is shown in Gods will for every human being to be saved. This understanding of predestination sees it as in condition(p) by Gods foreknowledge of peoples collaboration or otherwise with divine grace those whom he forek sweet he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son (Rom. 829). If God predestined the salvation of only some human beings, that would contradict his eternal love as manifested in the incarnation and the cross of his Son, and also the o ntological-universal value of the Christs sacrifice on the cross. From this point of view, Elliotts comment that for the sixteenth-century Lutherans in dialogue the point of salvation was to have ones independent centre of decision-making removed, to be replaced with total dependence on God sounds quite strange to the Orthodox.hed16. Sanctification and defense1stAre we wholly sanctified when we are justified? And when does this process happen? At conversion or at baptism? From Dr Elliotts paper we may conclude that there is a lack of consensus among the Evangelicals in this respect. Is human sinful nature all in all destroyed? Are the roots of pride, self-will, anger and love of the world whole removed from the heart, as John Wesley claimed? These are questions that need to be addressed.bodFrom an Orthodox perspective, conversion is the simple act of affirmation of a decision with get a line to justification. The process of becoming holy begins with the sacrament of baptism. Howe ver, the fulfilment of righteousness is obtained only at the end of a constant battle with sin and the insistent practice of virtue. From this point of view, the Orthodox see two stages towards true holiness sacramental holiness, obtained temporarily through baptism, and moral holiness, understand as a nett stage to be reached. In this final stage, holiness corresponds to a stage which in patristic tradition and spirituality is called theosis. We will return to this issue again at the end of this paper.The Orthodox perspective on the sinful nature of human beings affirms that after the fall, the image of God was not totally lost and human knowledge was not entirely reduced to a dark and opaque understanding of the world. Human beings mickle partly penetrate this opacity by means of another way of knowing, namely that which arises from virtue. The marring of the image of God (darkening of reason, decomposition of the heart, weakening of the will) in human beings does not mean its destruction or abolition, for none of the human spiritual functions were tout ensemble destroyed through original sin. Original sin has only obscured the image of God in human beings, not destroyed it. The tendency and the electrical capacity of human beings to know and to want to do what is good have also survived the fall, but evidently in a weakened state. Fallen human beings are also able to achieve virtue and overcome enticement if you do what is right (cf. Gen. 47) fallen human beings can lower death, choosing life See, I have set before you today life and prosperity, death and adversity Choose life, so that you and your descendants may live (Deut. 3015,19). Therefore Orthodox do not see human beings as totally fallen, nor the image of God in humanity as totally destroyed.hed17. The anthropology of revivalism1stI do not know to what extent Evangelicals accept the ideas of Charles Finney, presented in Dr Elliotts paper and summarized below. But some of these could, with certain qualifications, be shared by the Orthodox. For instancelist- Preach the reality of hell, not of sin. existence filled by the Spirit is vital since, in the spiritual battle, attack is the best form of defence. One must give the heart to God and submit to him. self-abasement is a change of mind, as regards God and towards sin. It is not only a change of view, but a change of the ultimate preference or choice of the soul. It is a voluntary change and by consequence involves a change of feeling and of action toward God and toward sin. These words may be accepted by the Orthodox as being a clear definition of the meaning of repentance. Humans have responsibility to repent and believers should not pray that God would help them to do that, for the sinner has to provide the will and disposition. However, these words leave no space for synergism, silent as cooperation between God and human beings concerning the process of their renewal.1stThe Pauline statement in 2 Corinthian s 416 is very important in relation to the process of human renewal. So we do not lose heart. Even though our outer nature is perishing, our inner nature is being renewed day by day. According to the Orthodox, our salvation includeslista passage from death to life, from darkness to light (John 31-6 Col. 113-14), through repentance, faith and baptism I have been saved.a process of spiritual growth and maturation (2 Pet. 12-8) through on- waiver repentance, faith and sacramental manduction, often called ecstasy I am being saved. Paul writes of our inner life being renewed day by day.a promise of eternal life (2 Cor. 59-11 John 141-6), trade us to perseverance and righteousness I shall be saved.hed18. The relation between soul and body1stWhat is the soul? Answers such as the body is the image of God by association with the soul and soul and body are aspects of the human existence, quoted by Dr Elliott, may be seen as convergence points between the anthropologies of our two tradi tions. Therefore, the human beings uniqueness consists in the close relation between spirit and soma.Salvation is for the whole human being soma and soul. Similarly, the final act of universal judgment applies to the whole human being. Our anthropology is therefore understood only through the eschatological event. That is why the body will be raised again in order to be judged by the Creator, together with the soul with which it has formed a unity during its earthly life. From this point of view, the death of the body does not mean its destruction, but the passageway towards a new existence.bodIn view of the fact that Paul says your life is hidden with Christ in God (Col. 33), we may conclude that our humanity is a large(p) mystery. Some of the Evangelicals appear to disagree with this.hed19. Deification (Theosis)1stDr Elliott argues that Evangelicals may have problems with nonsuch. why should this be so? If we understand deification in the sense in which R. J. Bauckham and other theologians apparently did, as quoted in the paper, namely that humans lead divine as God is divine, such a thought is obviously unthinkable for any Christian theologian, Evangelical or Orthodox. From an Orthodox point of view, deification is more than being in the image of God or being adopted as Gods children. Being renewed by Gods grace, we become partakers of the divine nature Thus he has given us, through these things, his unprecedented and very great promises, so that through them you may escape from the corruption that is in the world because of lust, and may become participants in the divine nature (2 Pet. 14). This does not mean that we become divine by nature. If we participated in Gods marrow squash or nature, the distinction between God and humans would be abolished. What this means is that we participate in Gods divine grace, described in scripture in a number of ways, such as glory, love, virtue and power. We are to become like God by his grace, and truly his adopt ed children, but we never become God by nature. For we are human, always have been human, and always will be human. We cannot take on the nature of God.bodDivinization, in the definitive form which the fathers gave it, looks towards a single goal. That is the goal of assuring man that the quest for the authentic person (not as a mask or as a tragic figure) is not mythical or nostalgic but a historical reality. Jesus Christ does not explain the title of Saviour because he brings the world a sublimely beautiful revelation of personhood, but because he realizes in history the very reality of the person and makes it the basis and hypostasis of the person for every man. According to some church fathers, this transformation occurs especially through the eucharist, for when Christs body and blood become one with ours, we become Christ-bearers and partakers of the divine nature.St John of Damascus, writing in the eighth century, makes a remarkable observation. The word God in the scriptur es refers not to the divine nature or essence, for that is unknowable. God refers rather to the divine energies the power and grace of God which we can perceive in this world. The Greek word for God, Theos, comes from a verb meaning to run, to see or to burn. These are energy words, not essence words.In John 1034 Jesus, quoting Psalm 826, repeats the statement, You are gods. The fact that he was speaking to a group of religious leadership who were accusing him of blasphemy allows, in my opinion, for the following interpretation Jesus is not using the landmark god to refer to the divine nature. We are gods in that we bear his image, not his nature.Deification means that we are to become more like God through his grace, that is through his divine energies. The process of our being renewed in Gods image and likeness (Gen. 126) began when the Son of God assumed our humanity in the womb of the blessed Virgin Mary. Thus, those who are joined with Christ through faith in holy baptism a ssume into a re-creation process, being renewed in Gods image and likeness. base on the earlier Council of Chalcedon, as well as on the theology of Saint Maximus the Confessor (c.580-662), Palamas strenuously defended the churchs teaching that a direct, personal experience of God himself (theosis) was accessible through Gods energies made available through the hypostatic union of the two natures of Christ. The incarnate Word hypostasized human nature and acted in accordance with the divine and human wills. There was thus a sharing of attributes (communication idiomatum) whereby the humanity of Christ was penetrated by the divine energies and thereby deified. Those divine energies, which we partake of, were not understood as an impersonal something from God but as God himself because Christ is consubstantial (homoousios) with the Father. Through the incarnate Christ, God gives himself to us in such a living, personal way that the gift and the giver are one and the same.Historically, deification has often been illustrated by the sword and fire metaphor. A sword sword is thrust into a hot fire until the sword takes on a red glow. The energy of the fire penetrates the sword. The sword never becomes fire, but it picks up the properties of fire. By application, the divine energies penetrate the human nature of Christ. Being joined to Christ, our humanity is interpenetrated with the energies of God through Christs glorified flesh. Nourished by the body and blood of Christ, we partake of the grace of God his strength, his righteousness, his love and are enabled to serve him and glorify him. Thus we, being human, are being deified.Theosis means the transformation of being into true personhood in the person of Christ. The conclusion is that the ontology of personhood and communion which emerges from the understanding of the eucharist as a communion event in the body of Christ forms the basis for the understanding of the God-world relation, and more importantly, the p atristic imagination of energies. In this context, we can see that theosis is trinitarian through unity in the hypostasis of Christ.Theosis is, therefore, the ultimate goal toward which all people should strive, the blessed telos for which all things were made. It describes the atrocious descent of God to the ultimate limit of our fallen human condition, even unto death a descent of God which opens to men a path of ascent, the unlimited vistas of the union of created beings with the Divinity. Deification is a descriptive term for Gods redemptional activity towards human beings. When human beings respond to this activity, the ultimate transformation of a human being without losing personhood is made possible. It is a process that should be understood in a carefully qualified sense, as an ongoing process, going from one realm of glory to another (2 Cor. 318). Even when the term deification is not explicitly mentioned it is implicitly present as the nitty-gritty of the salvation p roclaimed by the gospel.hedConclusionslistIn terms of a definition of what it means to be human, we may assert the following The human being is the image of God and at the same time is called to his resemblance (likeness).Jesus incarnation, cross and resurrection do not only make possible the salvation of human beings, but also herald the starting point (beginning) of their deification.The basis for the deification of human beings is found in Jesus Christs deified nature. An example of this reality can be found in John 2019-20. Here we read of the resurrected Jesus appearing to his ten disciples. He enters the house and stands in their middle although the doors were shut.The justification and sanctification of human beings are two different processes with three distinct stageslist2 I have been saved started in faith, repentance, baptism and Eucharistb. I am being saved achieved by means of the life in Christc. I shall be saved continued in the process of deification in eternity. 5. The death of the body does not mean the dissolution of the human being, but it represents the entry into a new existence in Gods presence. From this perspective, human beings are immortal.

Birth Control: History, Methods and Issues

cause consider fib, Methods and IssuesDavid give up dominationIntroductionHow amazing would it be if we lived in a utopia where state squeeze out recognize whether or non to develop pregnant after unprotected fetch up and have no internal Transmitted Diseases(STD). inner Transmitted Diseases(STD) be diseases that has a exalted chance to be transmitted between hu creations by versed coitus, such(prenominal) as muchover not limited to vaginal intercourse, anal retentive sex, oral sex, etc.1 Well unfortunately at that place is no utopia. merely we have stemma chasteness methods that can retain maternal quality and Sexual Transmitted Diseases(STD). throw insure is the practice of preventing a wo originationly concern from acquire pregnant.2 Birth mastery is an issue in society that needs much concern, simply beca occasion it leads to more problems such as immature pregnancy, abortion, overpopulation, STD, etc.History of Birth compriseBirth direct was fi rst used in the 1550 B.C by an Egyptian manuscript called the Ebers Papyrus. It gives women directions on how to mix dates, acacia and h oney into a paste, spread it over the vagina and use it to prevent pregnancy. 3In the 1700s, the first condoms were universe experimented. It ranged from sheep- vesica condoms to the use of half a lemon as a stopgap cervical pate. 4The first of all metre rubber condoms were invented in 1839 by Charles Goodyear. In 1873, United States of America is the only Western nation to criminalize contraception. During the 1800s a large cervical cap in developed.5In 1954, John quiver conducted the first ever extradite concord affinity control oral contraceptive and tested it on 50 women. In 1960 the FDA approved the use of brook control anovulants save little do they k straight that al nearly half a one million million U.S women atomic number 18 already development it.6Now we have more locomote kindred control methods. More and more mint a tomic number 18 using parturition control to prevent unwanted pregnancy.Methods of Birth ControlIn the world today there atomic number 18 heterogeneous ways to prevent pregnancy and a lot of them are very impelling and expert. From sheep bladder condoms to super thin latex condoms. We see that as ass engineering science is improving, take in control methods are getting more and more advanced at the same conviction. There are birth control methods that are cancel and do not involve any anovulatory drugs, condoms, and etc. sobriety is a natural birth control method, this is a method that doesnt involve having sex with a partner. Couples may enjoy other types of knowledgeable activities that do not lead to the pistillate getting pregnant.7 This method is coke% effective and safe because there is no interaction between a member and a vagina. Similarly to abstinence outercourse is also a natural birth control method. Outercourse includes any kind of sexual activity that d oesnt involve vaginal intercourse and penetration.8 It is also 100% effective and safe because it doesnt involve any interaction between a penis and a vagina. The withdrawal (pull out) method in the other hand is a natural birth control method that involve sexual intercourse. A man allow for pull his penis out of the vagina before ejaculation. interposition is when the semen spurts out of the penis.9 This method can prevent pregnancy unless has the risk to be diagnosed with Sexual Transmitted Diseases(STD).There are various birth control methods that involve the use of pills, substances, and objects. Birth control pills are well known throughout the world. There are many types of birth control pills, some are effective and some are not. A birth control pill prevents the addict from leaving the ovaries. It makes the cervical mucus thicker so the spermatozoanatozoon cell is blocked and cant make rival with the egg.10 There is another kind of birth control pill besides this on e is for emergency use. It is called the morning after pill. After having unprotected sex, at bottom this 5 eld victorious this emergency birth control pill will prevent pregnancy. It can take up to six days for the sperm and egg to meet after having sex so this pill can prevent pregnancy. This pill keeps the womans ovary from releasing egg for longer than usual.11Condoms are made of thin latex or waxy that has been shaped like a penis. During sexual intercourse it is worn on the penis. Condoms can prevent pregnancy and lower the risk of getting Sexual Transmitted Diseases(STD). When a man ejaculates the condom collects the semen so it prevents the sperm entering the vagina.12 There are also condoms for women. It works exactly the same as the condom worn by men, it collects the semen and prevents it entering the vagina. The female condom is inserted deep in military position the vagina. The ring at the closed arrest holds the pouch in the vagina to block the semen entering the vagina. The ring at the open end stays out boldness the vaginal opening during intercourse where the man inserts his penis in.13There are objects that is inserted into the womens vagina to prevent pregnancy when no condom is used during sexual intercourse. They all have similarities in use. Some of them contain spermicide. Spermicide has chemicals that can stop a sperm from moving to prevent it from joining with the egg.14 For example, the birth control sponge contains spermicide. It is soft, round, and 2 inch in diameter. It is made out of flexible foam.15 Before sexaul intercourse, the birth control sponge is inserted deep inside the womans vagina. When the man ejaculates in the vagina, the sperm will be blocked by the birth control sponge.16 And will be absorbed by the sponge. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped cup with a flexible rim.17 It is made out of silicone and it is place on the cervix to block the opening of the uterus.18 The spermicide stops the sperm from moving so fert ilization is not going to happen.There are some that take overt have spermicide. For example, the cervical cap. The cervical cap is a silicone cup that has a shape of a sailors hat.19 woman inserts it into their vagina and over their cervix. 20The cervical cap blocks the uterus from opening so the sperm is unable to fertilize the egg.21There are birth control methods where hormones (Estrogen) are released into the body that prevents pregnancy. The birth control implant is a thin, flexible plastic implant about the size of a matchstick.22 It is inserted under the skin of the top(prenominal) arm. 23It can prevent pregnancy for 3 three years. 24Estrogen is released which prevents pregnancy. The birth control enchantment is similar to the birth control implant. It also releases estrogen into the body. further the birth control red cent is a thin plastic patch that sticks to the skin like a bandage.25 Once a week the patch has to be replaced by a impertinently patch for three week s agreely there will be a patch free week.26 The birth control unsettled is an stab of hormones (Progestin) into the body to prevent pregnancy. Each shot prevents pregnancy for three months.27We see that there are mostly birth control methods for females. Males only wear condoms to prevent pregnancy. So now people are starting to develop male birth controls. A new male birth control method is being developed. It is called Vasalgel it is an injection not a pill. It blocks the tube where the sperm swim through from the testicle.28 A man can have unprotected sex and wont ejaculate. However, the injection has to be taken erect preceding(prenominal) the testicles.29 The Vasalgel is still in its proterozoic stages of development, it has only been tested on baboons and rabbits.30 No human being has ever tried it yet. The price is not yet set, but the Foundation famous that Vasalgel is not more than $800. In other words, if you can afford an iPhone 6, you can definitely afford this new male birth control.31Birth control comes with side effects too. Mainly the hormone-based birth control often comes with side effects that can range from little annoying to the point where you get fired up.32 The birth control that involves inserting objects into a womans vagina has side effects such as vaginal infection.33The birth control pill can cause headaches, dizziness, and breast tenderness. According to Hilda Hutcherson, MD, an ob-gyn professor at capital of South Carolina University.34 These side effects will go away after taking the pill for a while.35Nausea is mainly caused by the birth control patch.36 According to Hilda Hutcherson, MD, an ob-gyn professor at capital of South Carolina University. Switching to oral birth control methods can help decrease nausea.37Decreased sexual appetite is caused by the birth control pill.38 According to Hilda Hutcherson, MD, an ob-gyn professor at Columbia University. Switching to other types of birth control pills may help but if not change to other methods.39Mood swings are caused by hormonal birth control methods.40 Changing to nonhormal methods will help decrease mode swings.41 All hormonal methods are likely to cause mood swings.42Family readiness in ThailandSince Thailand is a buddhist country birth control pills and condoms are the more preferable and acceptable methods.43 Condoms are favourites among Thais. Because condoms dont just prevent pregnancy but also prevents STDs.44 According to Mechai Viravaidya, a politician in Thailand, the Buddhist scriptures say that many births cause suffering, so Buddhism is not against birth control. And we even end up with monks sprinkling holy piddle on pills and condoms for the sanctity of the family before products went out into the villages.45 Mechai has been known as Mr.Condom in Thailand.46 He brought awareness to condoms, birth control, and AIDS. Before he would giveaway condoms all valentines day.47From the time he began his campaign, the average numbe r of children in Thai families has lessen from 7 to 1.5.48 We can see that the number decreased dramatically. This is one of the reasons why Thailand is not overpopulated.Birth Control in ChinaChina has the most population in the world 1,366,990,000.49 It takes up 19% of the worlds total population.50 In the 1970s Chinas population was increment tremendously. Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping established a constitution called One kid policy in 1979 to limit Chinas population growth.51 This policy limits couples to one child.It is well known that those who violate the policy have sometimes been subjected to abortions.52 If they already gave birth, they are forced to pay fines and have been sterilized.53 Which means they are unable to give birth for the rest of their lives.A lot of people have been questioning whether or not this policy can curb the growth of Chinas population. A study taken by the University of California in April 2007, found that the policy is very effective and red uces the birth rate rate in China. After the announcement of the one-child policy, the fertility rate in China dropped from 2.63 births per woman in 1980 (already a sharp reduction from more than five births per woman in the early 1970s) to 1.61 in 2009.The Chinese government didnt directly inform people to use birth control. By having the one-child policy, the Chinese people are very well aware that they moldiness use birth control to prevent breaking the law.Different Views on Birth ControlDifferent righteousnesss have different views on birth control. Some are against it and some support it. Even some religion changed their view on birth control over time. Until the 20th one C birth control was not approved by Christianity. It was seen as a barrier to Gods procreative purpose of marriage.54 In Judaism, Orthodox rabbis conceptualize that making babies is a male indebtedness. But many rabbis brook birth control cases because pregnancy can monstrously harm the woman.55 mater ialistic and Reform Jews however observe that birth control have benefits, such as family stability, disease prevention, and less stress, etc.56 Hinduism encourages reproduction within marriage, but there is appeal against birth control.57 Most Hindus accept that there is a duty to have a family during a persons lifetime. So they are unlikely to use birth control to prevent having children.58 In Hinduism people are back up to make more babies. In Islam, birth control is encouraged to youngsters and unite couples. Birth control is supported because of economic reasons and the health of the woman. Also it will make the marriage more fun.59UDHRBirth control is related to condition 16 Marriage and Family in the United Declaration of Human Rights. every(prenominal) adult has the right to marry and have kids if they want to60. Every sensation person has the right to use birth control or not. Its their own decision whether or not to want to have a baby and how many babies they want. Nothing can stop you from preventing pregnancy or getting pregnant.ConclusionBirth control is an issue that hasnt very been recognized by the society. Birth control is a very serious issue since it can lead to more problems such as teen pregnancy, abortion, overpopulation, STD, etc. As we can see Indias population is evolution tremendously quick. By 2030, India will surpass China and be the worlds most populated country.61 India does not have the One-Child policy and brusk people do not have access to birth control pills or other kind of methods.I think that right now there are too less male birth control methods. Vasalgel is being developed but seeing that it is an injection right above the testicals scares a lot of men. Also it hasnt been tested on a human yet. In my opinion researchers should develop some type of pill that can stop the tube that the sperm swims through from the testicle. More people will buy it because it is safer than an injection.I think condoms are the safe st and most effective method. It can definitely prevent pregnancy and also prevent STDs. No direct contact is being made between the penis and vagina so no STDs can be transferred. People complain that it doesnt line up as good as unprotected sex. But unprotected sex can kill you, on the other hand condom is there to prevent you from dying.The One-Child policy helped China stabilize their population growth. I believe India should have this policy too because the population of India is increasing dramatically. If it is not halt it can affect Indias economy and their will be a high demand of goods and not enough supply. By limiting one child per family the population growth will slow down a lot and the country can improve different things.I very believe that birth control should be paid more attention to. Because it leads to series of other issues in society that we want to avoid. Such as teen pregnancy, Sexual Transmitted Diseases(STDs), abortion, overpopulation, etc. There are so many ways to prevent pregnancy, you can choose the one you feel is good. Some people support birth control and some dont. But no one should ever tell you what to do because according to article 16 Marriage and Family says that every person has the right to choose whether they want a family or kids.1 Sexually Transmitted Disease. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 22 Sept. 2014. Web. 22 Sept. 2014. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease.2 Birth Control Definition. Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. www.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fbirth%2520control.3 A Brief History of Birth Control. cartridge holder. Time Inc., 03 May 2010. Web. 17 Sept. 2014.http//content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1983970%2C00.html.4 A Brief History of Birth Control. Time. Time Inc., 03 May 2010. Web. 17 Sept. 2014.http//content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1983970%2C00.html.5 A Brief History of Birth Control. Time. Time Inc., 03 May 2010. Web. 17 Sept. 2014.http//content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1983970%2C00.html.6A Brief History of Birth Control. Time. Time Inc., 03 May 2010. Web. 17 Sept. 2014.http//content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1983970%2C00.html.7 Collins. Abstinence Facts. Abstinence Facts. mean Parenthood, n.d. Web. 17 Sept. 2014. http//www.plannedparenthood.org/health-info/birth-control/abstinence.8 Outercourse as Birth Control. Outercourse as Birth Control. plan Parenthood, n.d. Web. 17 Sept. 2014. http//www.plannedparenthood.org/health-info/birth-control/outercourse.9 pick off Out Method. Pull Out Method Withdrawal Method. be after Parenthood, n.d. Web. 17 Sept. 2014. http//www.plannedparenthood.org/health-info/birth-control/withdrawal-pull-out-method.10 Birth Control Pills Birth Control Pill The Pill. Birth Control Pills Birth Control Pill The Pill. intend Parenthood, n.d. Web. 21 Sept. 2014. http//www.plannedparenthood.org/health-info/birth-control/birth-control-pill.11 The Morning-After Pill emergency brake Contraception Cost Info. The Morning-After Pill Emergency Contraception Cost Info. Planned Parenthood, n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2014. http//www.plannedparenthood.org/health-info/birth-control/morning-after-pill-emergency-contraception.12 Condoms How to Put On a Condom Video. Condoms How to Put On a Condom Video. Planned Parenthood, n.d. Web. 21 Sept. 2014. http//www.plannedparenthood.org/health-info/birth-control/condom.13 Female Condoms How to Use a Female Condom. Female Condoms How to Use a Female Condom. Planned Parenthood, n.d. Web. 21 Sept. 2014. http//www.plannedparenthood.org/health-info/birth-control/female-condom.14Spermicide Effectiveness Spermicides. Spermicide Effectiveness Spermicides. Planned Parenthood, n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2014. http//www.plannedparenthood.org/health-info/birth-control/spermicide.15 Birth Control Sponge. Birth Control Sponge. Planned Parenthood, n.d. Web. 27 Sept. 2014. http//www.plannedparenthood.org/health-in fo/birth-control/birth-control-sponge-today-sponge.16 Birth Control Sponge. Birth Control Sponge. Planned Parenthood, n.d. Web. 27 Sept. 2014. http//www.plannedparenthood.org/health-info/birth-control/birth-control-sponge-today-sponge.17 Diaphragm Planned Parenthood. Diaphragm Planned Parenthood. Planned Parenthood, n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2014. http//www.plannedparenthood.org/health-info/birth-control/diaphragm.18 Diaphragm Planned Parenthood. Diaphragm Planned Parenthood. Planned Parenthood, n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2014. http//www.plannedparenthood.org/health-info/birth-control/diaphragm.19 cervical Cap. Cervical Cap. Planned Parenthood, n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2014. www.plannedparenthood.org%2Fhealth-info%2Fbirth-control%2Fcervical-cap%23.20 Cervical Cap. Cervical Cap. Planned Parenthood, n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2014. www.plannedparenthood.org%2Fhealth-info%2Fbirth-control%2Fcervical-cap%23.21 Cervical Cap. Cervical Cap. Planned Parenthood, n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2014. www.plannedparenthood.org%2Fhe alth-info%2Fbirth-control%2Fcervical-cap%23.22 Implanon expression personal effects Birth Control Implant. Implanon aspect Effects Birth Control Implant. Planned Parenthood, n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2014. http//www.plannedparenthood.org/health-info/birth-control/birth-control-implant-implanon.23 Implanon Side Effects Birth Control Implant. Implanon Side Effects Birth Control Implant. Planned Parenthood, n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2014. http//www.plannedparenthood.org/health-info/birth-control/birth-control-implant-implanon.24 Implanon Side Effects Birth Control Implant. Implanon Side Effects Birth Control Implant. Planned Parenthood, n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2014. http//www.plannedparenthood.org/health-info/birth-control/birth-control-implant-implanon.25 Birth Control Patch. Birth Control Patch. Planned Parenthood, n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2014. http//www.plannedparenthood.org/health-info/birth-control/birth-control-patch-ortho-evra.26 Birth Control Patch. Birth Control Patch. Planned Parenthood, n.d . Web. 26 Sept. 2014. http//www.plannedparenthood.org/health-info/birth-control/birth-control-patch-ortho-evra.27 Birth Control Shot. Birth Control Shot. Planned Parenthood, n.d. Web. 27

The Importance Of Exercise In Older People Physical Education Essay

The Importance Of Exercise In older People corporeal Education Es learnIn former(a) adults, forcible occupation is a necessary action to picture and verify wellness.1 A substantial amount of empirical licence has demonst roved that the health benefits associated with participation in physiologic action at law discount maintain utilitarian independence and ultimately improve quality of life.2-.3 In addition, participation in bodily action mechanism improves self-esteem, mental alertness and favorable interaction, and decreases levels of depression.4-5 Physical operation is also a major independent modifiable risk promoter that has a protective effect against the onset of cardiovascular disease, ischemic stroke, fibre 2 diabetes, and cancer.6-7 However, a preliminary report in 2007 by the inseparable Statistical Office of siamese connectionland showed that much than 58% of siamese connection elderly move in material activity little often than recommended for go od health.8 on that pointfore, it is imperative mood that animal(prenominal) activity among the aged population is evaluated.A review of corporal activity studies queers that the forcible milieu is betokenificantly associated with fleshly activity participation. harmonise to Bandura, somatogenic surroundings plays either the role of facilitator or obstacle in human motivation through the interaction amongst cognitive functions and surround.9-10 some(prenominal) natural features and human constructs link up to environment may affect physiologic activity engagement.11 Physical environment positively determines somatic activity indoors h championst-to-goodness muckle.12-18 While the significance of physiological environment is well recognized, an exact measure is compulsory to account the specific characteristics of the visible environment for bodily activity, with respect to elder people. If there is low error in the assessment, the accounting of the alliance between corporal environment and physiological activity willing be raised.The concept of behavior setting helps to elucidate the influence of physical environment on physical activity.19 Behavior occurs within a physical and social context. So, the behavior of older people will be influenced by environment the propinquity, residential district, or infrastructure environment. The plateful environment is a special setting for the performance of daily activities among older people.20 In Tailand, most older people stay and participate in physical activity in their ground take on. Although previous studies support assessed only convenience of facilities and access to equipment at base relate to physical activity, the characteristics of sign environment is the least studied effectiveness de barrierinant of participation in physical activity.11-12 Existing investigations use either vicinity-foc employ photographic plates to de borderine physical environment 14,21- 22, or founder applied both(prenominal) likeness and availability of facilities in the residential area.18,23 A review of relevant explore indicates that aspects of the physical environment, such(prenominal) as impregnablety, traffic volume, street spark, unsupervised dogs, having a sidewalk, and approachability to reality recreation places influence physical activity,14-18 whereas some other evidence suggests equivocal results.21-22,24 At least one potential reason exists for this variation which may be related to the physical environment measurement, particularly with older adults.Most physical environment questionnaires were developed in western countries. These measurements have involved different neighborhood and community settings assessed in different dimensions such as convenience, synthetic rubber, accessibility, and facility. Even though the physical environment questionnaires have been formalise in western countries, they have non been tested in others setti ngs. over collectible to differences of geographic features, culture, and patterns of nutriment, a need exists to assess the physical environment of Tai elderly to support dependability and boldness in this cultural context. Further more, the relationship of the physical environment of home and physical activity of older siamese connection people is still unkn give. Understanding features of the physical environment related to physical activity may provide an effective implementation design to activate older Thai people to participate in physical activity. For these reasons, a limited instrument, the Thai Environmental Support for Physical Activity for Older Thai people (TESPA) for assessing the physical environment including home, neighborhood, and community environment needfully to be modified and validated for the older Thai population.This resume address this shortcoming by modifying and confirming a triple-factor structure for physical environment in a sample of ol der adults in Thailand. We hypothesized that a check three-factor structure for the TESPA would fit the selective in fix upion well and that these factors would possess good internal consent. Additionally, we hypothesized that higher loads on the sub crustal plates of the TESPA would be significantly and positively tally with higher levels of physical activity. Moreover, our field purpose was to prepargon physical environment questionnaire for a large descriptive study related to physical activity in older Thai people.ObjectiveThe purpose of this project was fitting and assessment of the TESPA ordered series in older Thai people to provide a reliable and valid measure that is culturally congruent and efficacious for future look for.MeasuresDemographics. -A personal data sheet was utilise to obtain demographic and socioeconomic data including age, gender, income, marital status, education level, area of nutrition, the duration of living in their residence and medical histo ry.The Chula Mental Test (CMT), an interviewing questionnaire developed by Jittapunkul, and colleagues was administered to de destinationine the cognitive function of older Thai people who has difficulties in reading and writing.25 The CMT consists of 13 items related to cognitive function. Scales are coded on a dichotomous course of 0 (incorrect) and 1 (correct) items 5 and 12 have devil sub- overcomes, and items 3 and 13 have three sub-scales each. Total rafts indicate the cognitive function and range from 0-19. Scores 0-4 illustrate trying cognitive impairment, scores 5-9 depict train cognitive impairment, scores 10-14 reveal mild cognitive impairment, and scores 15-19 demonstrate normal cognitive function.Physical activity. -Physical activity was assessed by victimization the global Physical Activity Questionnaire foresightful form (IPAQ-L). The IPAQ-L was developed by the International Consensus Group for the Development of an International Physical Activity Questionnair e at the WHO in 1998.26 The IPAQ-L accommodates 5 parts work-related activities, transport-related activities, house servant activities, and time spent sitting during the previous 7 days. In addition, the IPAQ-L assesses the frequency, specialty and duration of all daily physical activity. In summary, total physical activity equals the MET score, which is the sum of minutes spent in each field of force multiplied by the MET honor.26 We used a cut-off point 600 METs, as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the United States of America and the American College of Sports Medicine.27 sceptre determine for the IPAQ-L in the present study were categories in sufficiently active ( 600 METs-min-week)We translated and adapt the IPAQ-L to fit the habits of older Thai people content grimness was rigid by three quick-witteds. The content boldness index of the IPAQ-L was .96. Numerous studies interrogatory the test-retest reliability of the IPAQ-L revealed results ranging from 0.63 to 0.91, which indicated good repeatability.26,29 In the present study, the stability of the IPAQ-L questionnaire was report to be 0.77 in 30 Thai elderly.MethodsA cross-sectional design was used in the current study. The process of modification of the questionnaire included two phases (see lick 1). In phase I, the instrument was modified as follows 1) questionnaire improvement symbolize and 2) quantification stage. In phase II, instrument assessment was conducted to examine construct validity by confirmatory factor analysis and the known-group method. wrap figure 1 herePhase 1 Modification of instrument grade 1 Questionnaire improvement stage consisted of measurement review, shift, instrument spectre and item construction. beat review and translation purposePhysical environment is delimitate as older peoples perception of the physical environment to facilitate or bar physical activity engagement in three settings home, neighborhood, and community. W e reviewed the relevant research regarding measurement of physical environment from the literature. The existing measurement was chosen establish on commentary and psychometric properties of measurement. After obtaining written go for from the author, the accredited questionnaire was translated into Thai versions by the researcher and an independent translator according to the translation-back translation method.28 The Thai version was evaluated by three Thai/ slope bilingualist people. The questionnaire was translated back into English by two Thai-English independent translators who each had taught English to graduate students for more than 20 geezerhood. We then compared both versions in the airplane pilot language, conducted checks with the translators, discussed the differences, and produced a final consensus version.1.2 instrument refinement and item constructionWe modified the translated instruments to achieve a closer cultural fit for older Thai people. During October to December 2007, a preliminary study was conducted with ten elders five who lived in a municipal area and five in a non-municipal area. The participants were selected from a broad range of backgrounds five elders had mere(a) education and had worked in the unsophisticated sector, three elders had atomic number 16ary education and had worked as small businesses owners, and two elders were retired and held bachelors degrees. open-ended interviews were applied to ensure that instrument content and language were suitable for Thai elderly. They were interviewed in their home or a temple in their village. The participants were advance to share their opinions regarding the relevancy of items and bewitchness to the culture of older Thai people. Additionally, participants were advance to think of additional items that potentially could be used in the questionnaire. to each one participant was interviewed twice for 30 minutes for each time, or until no new data occurred. In the prelim inary study, no participant refused to participate.Interviews were audio frequency taped and transcribed verbatim. Categories and coding were derived from data sources and previous related studies. Statements by participants about the physical environment were delineate and identified as a content domain. Representative phrases and terms were tag to be used as potential items so that the language of the participants could be preserved. Additional items then were discussed with two Thai experts and an American expert in geriatric nursing. As a consequence, the measurement was modified.Stage 2 Quantification stageThis stage involved the validity and reliability of the psychometric properties of the modified measurement. Content validity of the scale was evaluated by three geriatric experts including one physician in geriatric physical activity, one expert in geriatric community nursing, and one expert in geriatric nursing. The experts were asked to rate the level of relevancy betwee n the items and the definition of the concepts as represented. A 4-point Likert-type scale ranging from 4 (strongly relevant) to 1 (strongly irrelevant) was used to rate each item.Data accrual started in October 2008 after obtaining approval from the institutional Review Board at Chul onkorn University, Thailand. Both written and verbal conscious consent was obtained in Thai on the same date as the data collection. The certified consent form explained the purpose of the study, benefits, risks, the types of questionnaires and tasks to be completed, and the length of time needed to complete the interview. In particular, it explained about risk ginmill and treatment when the risk may occur during the interview or when collection of data is taking place.Permission was obtained from participants prior to data collection. At the setting, the participants were informed about the purpose of the study and their right to refuse participation. If participants chose not to dish out the que stionnaire, they could withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. They were also notified that their relationship with the health reverence team would not be affected. Their names were not used instead, a code number was used to ensure confidentiality. There was no harm to the participants in this study.In addition, to assess the feasibility of using psychometric properties, the modified measurement was determined in the pilot study. The consent was obtained from the directors of firsthand care units, one in an urban area and the second in a rural area. A purposive sample of 15 older people from each setting was recruited in the pilot study no respondent refused or dropped out in this stage. The participants were older people, with a nasty age of 70+ 4.19 years. Most participants were female (76.7%), married (53.3%), had elementary education (80%), were industrious (62.6%), with a household income of less than 5,000 Baht per month (approximately US$147) (76.7%). A subs tantial proportion (63.3%) lived in urban areas and had lived on average for 44.6 years in their residence. Of the sample, more than half report sufficient physical activity level (50%), whereas 20% had a low physical activity level. A total of 23.3 % reported having no current health problems, while 16.7 % had hypertension. The most frequent type of physical activity reported was household related activity, followed by leisure time activity, transportation related activity, and occupational activity. Stability of reliability was obtained in two weeks, whereas internal consistency was assessed at baseline.Phase 2 Assessing the Instrument hit validity of the modified scale was determined in the main study. Multi-stage random sampling was employed to obtain a sample of 336 elderly (aged 60 years and older) residing in 12 villages from six provinces of Thailand, who were not part of the preliminary study or the pilot study. In each village, 28 participants were selected by a regular s ampling technique from a name list obtained from the villages primary care unit. A simple random technique was applied and only one appendage in each family was included in the study. The participants were determined to be eligible to participate in the study if they scored 15 on the CMT, were able to walk without assistive devices, and were willing to participate in the present study.Data were quiet from November 2008 to April 2009. An authorization letter was sent to officers of the primary care unit in all 12 settings to ask for their consent. After obtaining their consent, the public health nurses of the primary care units were asked by the researcher to make appointments with participants. When verbal agreement was obtained, the participants were asked to sign a consent form. The modified questionnaire was used to conduct interviews lasting between 15 to 20 minutes each participant received a handkerchief in appreciation for their participation.A total of 336 questionnaires were selected for accuracy of data entry. Statistical analysis showed that two cases with a single or more than one missing value on community environment were deleted, leave 334 cases for analysis. According to IPAQ Research Committee guideposts, the physical activity scores were urbane to reduce data comparability. Ten cases were excluded by the truncation process due to the total duration value being more than 3 hours per activity, and cardinal cases were eliminated because of multivariate outliers. Therefore, 320 cases remained for analysis.Most of the participants in the main study were female, married, had elementary education, and a household income less than 5,000 Baht per month (approximately US$147). Approximately 70% of the participants reported at least one health problem. Shared living was the most frequent living arrangement reported (92.8%) with an average of 4.11 persons per household. A substantial proportion (61.9%) lived in an urban area and stayed in their ow n residence.Data analysisDescriptive data are presented as mean + SD. The internal reliability of the scale was establish on an alpha coefficient bang-uper than or equal to .70 30 stability of the scale was analyzed by product correlation coefficient. Reliability of each item, overall reliability, and construct validity of the scale were determined using structural equation determineing (SEM).31 The known-group technique was conducted using the multivariate analysis of variance, to compare the physical environment of those who reported sufficient physical activity and those who did not. Statistical significance for analyses except SEM was defined as pResultsPhase 1 Modification of instrumentStage 1 Questionnaire improvement stageFollowing determination of the validity and reliability of the instrument, results were used to make modifications. The following procedures were undertaken.1.1 Measurement review and translation procedureFindings from prior studies exhibit that most phys ical environment measurements were designed to identify specific characteristics of the built environment (e.g. distance between destinations, presence of sidewalk), and showed moderate to high reliability. Blocks of questions appeared to have different reliability among urban and rural respondents. all one measurement was constructed for older people.12 A meta-analysis study by Duncan and colleagues conclude that the environmental characteristics in measurement presented in physical activity include facilities, sidewalks, shops and services in walking distance, heavy traffic, high crime, street lighting, and unattended dogs.32The Social-physical Environmental Supports for Physical Activity Questionnaire (ESPA) is a measurement that designed to make and assess the supporting social and physical environment for physical activity typically performed by all age.33 The ESPA was selected to collect data in this study because it is closely congruent with the Thai context, and indicates both neighborhood environment and community environment. In addition, the coefficient differences between urban respondents and rural respondents of this scale were small when compared with the other questionnaires.34 Moreover, the previous validity and reliability value of ESPA was acceptable.34 The ESPA is composed of two domains the social and the physical environment domains. The physical environment is composed of 20 items 10 neighborhood items (access, characteristics, barriers, use), and 10 community items (access, and barriers). A Likert-scale was used to assess neighborhood items, except for an item on public recreation facilities which allowed response options as 1(yes) or 0 (no). The community items have response options of 1(yes) or 2(no), with score form items on recreation facilities, whereas a community item used a Likert Scale. The higher the summary score the stronger the physical environment. The ESPA questionnaire was translated into Thai.Instrument refinement an d item constructionAll participants recommended that some items of the ESPA questionnaire be deleted and many remarked that the questionnaire format be reviewed. Most participants suggested that 21 physical environment items be eliminated including public swimming pools, sidewalks, parks, walking trails, bike paths, recreational centers, shopping malls (sometimes used for physical activity or walking programs), and being a private member of a recreational facility . These items reflected physical activities and sites that were uncommon in Thailand and olibanum were not deemed to be valid it this cultural context. As well, five pages of the scale and various types of choices took up too much time and were difficult to make out for exampleIn general, would you say that motorized traffic in your neighborhood is. Heavy, Moderate or Light., When walking at night, would you describe the STREET lighting in your neighborhood as..Very good, Good, Fair, Poor or Very suffering and How saf e are the public recreational facilities in your community? would you say Very safe, Somewhat safe, Somewhat unsafe or Not safe at al.Additionally, the literal translation of the word physical activity into Thai git-ja-gam-taang-gaa or - (git-ja-gam = activity taang-gaai= physical) was unfamiliar to older people. Most participants thought this term was difficult to insure and felt that it was not applicable to them. The elders preferred the term kleuan-wai-ok-raeng or (kleuan-wai= movement ok-raeng= expend energy) instead to define physical activity. The term kleuan-wai-ok-raeng was therefore applied to this study.The interview findings illustrated that the statements contri juste to physical environment among participants was delineated and identified as a content domain. Home was most ofttimes mentioned as a favorite place for engagement in physical activity. The absolute majority of participants expressed that they generally preferred engaging in physical activity at home beca use of safety concerns and convenience. Representative phrases and terms were marked to be used as potential items so that the language of the participants could be preserved. As a result, the home environment subscale was formulated, and it was consisted of safety and convenience both inside and around home.Based upon the experts suggestions, 21 items that were considered irrelevant on the ESPA were eliminated and four additional items related to home environment were added to the ESPA. Therefore, the modified scale was called Thai Environment Support for Physical Activity in older Thai people (TESPA). A Likert scale was used to assess physical environment for physical activity. Possible responses were 1(strongly disagree), 2(disagree), 3(neither agree nor disagree), 4(agree), and 5(strongly agree). The possible ranges of scores for home, neighborhood, and community sub-scale were 4-20, 3-15, and 3 15 respectively. The total score was calculated by computing the numeric ratings fo r each answer. The possible scores ranged from 10 to 50. Higher scores indicated a higher level of perceived physical environment adjuvant of physical activity.In short, the TESPA was conceptualized to include three subscales, with the six items serving as supportive neighborhood and community environments, and the four new items as supportive of home environment. Neighborhood environment was defined as the area around their home to which they could walk within 10 minutes.23 A supportive neighborhood environment referred to older peoples perceptions of support including characteristics, access, and barriers of physical activity a pleasant neighborhood for walking low traffic volume and lack of unattended dogs in their neighborhood.23 Secondary, community environment is defined as the area contained within a 20-minute drive from the respondents home.23 Community environment support refers to older peoples perceptions of convenience and safety of physical activity in their community convenience of facilities of the Primary trade Unit access to parks, playgrounds, and sports fields and the safety of public recreation facilities.23 Finally, home environment support is defined as participants perceptions of convenience and safety regarding their home environment, both in and around their home, in relation to their participation in physical activity.Stage 2 Quantification stageThe Content Validity list of the TESPA questionnaire was 0.92. The reliability coefficients of TESPA scale was 0.73 and the test-retest reliability of scale was .76. The results of the pilot study demonstrated that respondents took between 15 to 20 minutes to complete the questionnaire. The measurements were culturally appropriate for older Thai people and the procedures were followed without any difficulty.Phase 2 Assessing the InstrumentThe physical activity score ranged from 0 to 2203.50 MET-minute/week with a median(a) of 849.25 (SD = 438.63), and the interquartile rang of 670.13 MET-m inute score. The skewness coefficient (.26) and the kurtosis statistic (-.52) indicated that the majority of the subjects reported a moderate physical activity score and a close proximity to a normal distribution. Also, 65% of the participants of this study were sufficiently active and 35% were not. The total sum scores of physical environment ranged from 19.00 to 50.00, with a mean of 34.87 (SD = 6.47). The skewness value (.26) and the kurtosis value (-.49) indicated that the majority of the respondents had moderate physical environment scores and the variance was distributed normally.Construct validation was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis, and the known-group technique. Based on confirmatory factor analysis, the findings demonstrated that the construct of TESPA was composed of three vestigial subscales home, neighborhood, and community environment. The correlation among items ranged from .02 to .77 and the total scale could explain 61.01% of the variance of physical en vironment. The home, neighborhood, and community subscale could account for 29.4%, 19.7%, and 12.0% of the variance, respectively.The next analysis tested the three-factor regulate. The measurement simulation testing was designed to estimate which ten items were used as indicators for the feign. Although the maestro model was statistically significant, the model was not consistent with the data /df= 4.59 and RMSEA more than 0.05 (= 151.54, df= 33 pInsert figure 2 here instrument panel 1 illustrates the loading with t-values and squared multiple correlation coefficients among each observed variables for TESPA scale. The results revealed that all indicators of the TESPA measurement had significant low to high controversy estimates, which were related to their specific constructs and validated the relationships among observed variables and their constructs. The squared multiple correlations for observed variables of the possible variables were ranged from 0.02 to 0.92. The R2 of item 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were acceptable indicators, except for the item 1, 7, 8, 9, and 10 which were less than .40.Insert Table 1 hereThe known-group technique is an examination of relationships based on theoretical prediction. 35 Table 2 shows the mean values for each of the TESPA subscales and physical activity subgroups for the complete sample. Those who demonstrated sufficient physical activity had significantly higher physical environment scores along all three subscales and total score. In addition, each subscale was positively tally with participation in physical activity including neighborhood (r=.30, pInsert Table 2 hereDiscussionTesting of the TESPA measurement model in the current study provided additional evidence for the validity and reliability. The findings are discussed in the following section.The content validity and construct validity of the new designed TESPA scale were accepted. Continued support for the construct validity of the scale was also provided throu gh confirmatory factor analysis and the known-group method. The TESPA measurement model demonstrated that all sub-scales of the measurement had significant low to high parameter estimates, which were related to their specific constructs and validated the relationships among observed variables and their constructs. Within the known-group method, the findings demonstrated that physical environment was significantly correlated with physical activity. This finding indicated that older people with high perceptions of safety, convenience, and accessibility in their home, neighborhood, and community environment were more in all probability to participate in physical activity.Similarly, active older people who met guideline recommendations for good health scored significantly higher in each of three factors supportive home, neighborhood, and community environment than those who did not. Physical environments affect the participation in behavior by means of the interaction between cogniti ve functions and environment through human motivation.9-10 Bandura argued that a better environment provides a great opportunity to perform a behavior.10 According to the empirical data in the present study, a plausible explanation for this result contributed to characteristics of the Thai elderly. The majority of the elders sampled have lived in their home for a median 30 years consequently, they were familiar with the physical characteristics of their environment in and outside the home. It is possible that the informal environment contributed to motivate them for physical activity engagement, while unfriendly environments reject activity.For reliability, although the R2 for item 1, 7, 8, 9 and 10 indicated that these items should be considered irrelevant for the TESPA scale, the measurement model was a good fit with the empirical data. Not only was this scale firstly modified and validated in older Thai adults, but also normative data for comparison in the elderly or other stud y were not available. Approximately 61 % of the variance in the TESPA scale was explained by the 10 items, whereas 39 % of the variance in this scale remains unexplained. Corresponding with the SCT approach, Bandura argued that nearly all aspects of the physical environment can influence physical activity.36 Owing to the fact that the TESPA measurement includes only safety, convenience, and accessibility aspects of physical environment, it is possible that other aspects may contribute more to physical activity than these aspects. Other aspects of the physical environment may still influence engaging in physical activity a need is indicated for work to identify these aspects yet unidentified. Therefore, continued evaluation of the psychometric properties both in the other sample and new additional items are necessary to confirm this study.Limitations and recommendationsThis study was limited by homogeneity of the sample. The majority of participants was female, married, low socioecon omic status, and lived in their home. Continued testing of the TESPA scale, particularly with socio-economically diverse older adults, is needed to insure that this measure is consistent. Additionally, using objective measurement should be considered, to promote add to the validity of the findings and confirm the subjective report. Further, the item related to community environment should be explored via a qualitative study to explore and understand with the physical environment of Thai elderly.Nevertheless, based on factors of the TESPA, manipulation of these factors with cognitive behav

An Analysis of the Semiconductor Industry

An Analysis of the semiconductor unit device device Indus searchThe semiconductor exertion began when the first transistor was built in 1947 by Bell Labs. This first use was as a interview aid. In 1971 Intel introduces microprocessors which ar the brains of the computer onto one chip for the first time. whence in 2005 the semiconductor fabrication r severallyes sales of $227 Billion dollars (SIA. 2011). In 2010 the sales were about $300 Billion dollars. The suppuration of the semiconductor effort has been tremendous. semiconducting materials ar e genuinelywhere. They ar used in computers, electronics, telecommunication, industrial machines, transportation, wire little systems, medical, and military. The semiconductor pains is spread out internationally. There atomic number 18 major manufactures in the coupled States, China, Japan, South Korea, and Europe. You screwing see the scope and geo graphy of the semiconductor labor is immense and meets us at nearly ever soy aspect of our lives. Its life-threatening to comprehend how much of an impact this pains has made on the commission we interact with one an opposite on a regular institution. semiconductor devices lavatory do several things. In ecumenical, semiconductors process and display information, handle power, chisel in data, condition signals, and alternate between light and electrical energy sources (PPRC, 2008). These processes ar unseen but very present in argonas mentioned in the supra paragraph.The top tercet semiconductor build uprs as ranked by isupply.com ar Intel, Samsung Electronics, and Toshiba. Intel and Samsung Electronics are perplex a get going from all the others in terms of r howeverues as you depart be able to see in a graph representing this data within the five forces framework section of the report.This manufacture is very free-enterprise(a). As technology throws consistently, industry rivalrys fight to bring the latest and superior harvest-times to grocery. The semiconductor industry is well sack outn for their innovations and volatile environment.The Industry social structureSupply chainEnd productsG-STEPGlobalIn the 1980s, Asia was primarily a place for low-cost semiconductor assembly and low-end consumer electronic product sales. Today, the part not completely leads in electronic equipment production-from low-end to advanced(a) products-but it is in like manner a signifi faecest consumer of sophisticated electronics. China is now the man- sizedst food market for cellular handsets, representing 20 percent of rent, and the second largest market for personal computers. South Korea has the most advanced nationwide cellular network in the world. The electronic equipment and semiconductor industries pick up evolved into a truly global market.Sociocultural DemographicChildren put on started acquire exposed to electronic devices at a much juvenileer age, than ever forwards. The electronic device manufacturers, also, use the technology to create things targeted towards children as young as 2-3 years old. This indicates that the market for these devices is continually increasing, hence, high uper use of semiconductors. other trend that we see is people switching to smartphones, which a fix use comparatively more semiconductors that their current phones. In companies, increasing use of cloud calculation to store data also helps the sales of semiconductors go up. In general our lifestyle is changing to a world where we use a cover of semiconductors. (Rephrase the shoemakers go bad statement)Efficiency will drive the industry. Lower power using up winsdoent really matter, its a very global industry. And everyone uses it. The workplace is already modify with people of different ethnicities. (What gage I say about it?) (Read in get dispersion again)TechnologicalThe semiconductor industry is heavily driven by the technological advancements in the products, processes and materials within the semiconductor domain. It is the technological upgrade treasure that makes the industry exceedingly cyclic. The industry is constantly striving for low cost, high speed, energy efficient and smaller chips. The technological upgrades are a pristine reason for the bars to entry in the fab segment of the industry, as the transpose of the fabrication process is a very expensive affair.But since then our public investment levels deliver been dropping. In 2011, federal investment in explore and forgement has dropped below 1% of GDP.(http//www.scienceprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/SciProgResearchandDevelopment-101.pdf) (Page 3 graph)With the emergence of associations the like SEMATECH, SEMI and SIA round of the burden was taken off of the individual companies. sharp property is now much more perishable than ever onward and there are too many challenges to solve alone. We must be intimate that alliances in the early stages of technological innovation are imperative to a chieving find results that will deliver against the top and bottom line.John Warlaumont, VP of Advanced Technologhttp//www.sematech.org/ integrated/yearly/annual09.pdfIn thesemiconductor industry, for example, a confluence of cost, technology and remove trends is creating a shakeout in manufacturing. Indeed, the fixed costs and minimum scale associated with build a new chip fabrication plant shake lift almost as precipitously as unit costs (under Moores Law) have fallen. As a result, few companies can still make the adjacent leap to fabs costing $4 billion apiece. This has created a new set of fabless semiconductor companies, along with the foundries, which focus on manufacturing chips designed by others. semiconducting material companies will consume to carefully weigh their strategy.http//www.bain.com/bainweb/consulting_expertise/industries_detail.asp?indID=14EconomicThe saving of the country has an indirect impact on this industry. As the economy does worthless the pa yoff go lower, unemployment increases. This in turn affects the sales of electronic goods in which these semiconductors are used. However, if the economic health of the country is good, the industry is rewarded. The projected growth in the industry from 2011 2013 seems to be about 10.5%.(http//www.bharatbook.com/detail.asp?id=87078rt=Semiconductor-Industry-Forecast-to-2012.html).During the past recession the wages of the Silicon Valley tech workers dropped down by 10%.(http//www.ecademy.com/node.php?id=157950) semipolitical/LegalIn the past five years, information technology, fueled by faster and cheaper chips, has reduced the U.S. inflation rate significantly and has doubled the nations productivity growth rate.http//www.sia-online.org/cs/about_siaSemiconductor design and manufacturing facilities are strategic to our nations economic growth. However, our industry is face with fierce global competition and our policymakers and regulators must chink that we have equilibrize tax , regulatory and trade policies to allow our industry to handle to flourish in the U.S. and remain Americas largest export industry, Brian Toohey, President SIA concluded in 2010.http//www.sia-online.org/cs/papers_publications/press_release_detail?pressrelease.id=1869The president of SIA proposed a RD tax credit for the US companies. This is in the favor of the industry, as they can spend more funds in RD. (Recent paper 17th parole)Industry analysisFinancial Performance ground on the U.S. semiconductor companies revenues and net incomes 2007 2010 ( common fig trees A,B,) the boodle margins in the industry broadly speaking low. near companies like AMD and Freescale were making losses even in 2007 onwards the recession hit. The three biggest U.S. semiconductor suppliers, Intel, Texas Instruments and Qualcomm, have been profitable during all the last four years. The smaller companies by revenue have clearly had worse financial performance. That suggest that the bigger players would have some advantage.Of the top three companies Intel is integrated device manufacturer wheras Texas Instruments (Not Fabless IBM REPORT) and Qualcomm are fabless companies (see Strategic Groups section). There is no clear evidence that one of the strategies would be better than the other establish on the recent financial performance. encipher XXX. eliminate 9 U.S. Semiconductor Companies Revenues and nett Incomes 2007. information from WRDS COMPUSTAT.Figure XXX. Top 9 U.S. Semiconductor Companies Revenues and Net Incomes 2008. Data from WRDS COMPUSTAT.Figure XXX. Top 9 U.S. Semiconductor Companies Revenues and Net Incomes 2009. Data from WRDS COMPUSTAT.Figure XXX. Top 9 U.S. Semiconductor Companies Revenues and Net Incomes 2010. Data from WRDS COMPUSTAT. The annual data for the rest of the 9 companies is not currently uncommitted.Market SharesThe Top 20 Semiconductor industry players had a combined 65.2 % market allot in 2010 (Figure XXX). The semiconductor industry overa ll is very fragmented, especially the product development. However, the amount of cutting edge technology chip manufacturers seems to be decreasing.globally American companies hold about half of the market share. Japan and Asia-Pacific companies have about 20 % each and the rest is EMEA companies. Semiconductor business is a very global business. The importance of Asia-Pacific region has been increasing during the recent years.Figure XXX. Preliminary Estimate Semiconductor Suppliers Revenue Share % 2010. Data from iSuppli (Ford, 2011)Figure XXX. Preliminary Estimate of Global Semiconductor Revenue Share % 2010 by Headquarters Location. Data from iSuppli (Ford, 2011)Porters Five forcesThreat of New EntrantsTraditionally, because of the huge chief city expenditures for startup, it is very difficult for those new entries to be successfully invading the semiconductor industry. Obviously, it is great news for those large companies who can control the market in their favor by using their economies of scale. Besides, the pointed end research and development are other two indispensable barriers for new entries. (Ciolli, 2011)However, recently, with the evolvement of the industry, smaller players could move their wariness from manufacturing to research and development. Benefit from the subcontracting of manufacturing, smaller companies has more resources and capital to invest into research of new technologies. The cooperation of subcontracting eased the financial burden of the smaller players and reduced the barrier of semiconductor industry to them. (Investopedia, 2011) This is extremely significant for those smaller entrepreneurial corporations even for the whole structure of the semiconductor industry.Moreover, except the high technology indispensability for new entry, other significant barrier to entry the semiconductor market is the software compatibility. As a powerful semiconductor player, they are take to not only create physical technology, but also need to design convenient and compatible software which could collaborate with their processors well so customers could enjoy their product. ? What is the source for this paragraph?Power of SuppliersIn terms of large semiconductor companies, they have inherent advantages when choose suppliers from thousands of them (Investopedia, 2011). The large diversified companies ordinarily use enough number of suppliers to minimize the power of each. However, in the narrow down semiconductor industry, in which the fabless manufacturing model is used by most of the companies. As a result, fabless companies play an important role in this specialized welkin. Besides, not every sub-contractor has the capability to satisfied the needs of the specialized companies, so suppliers are much powerful than those in the large generic semiconductor sector (Ciolli, 2011). There are several supplier pigeonholings present to the semiconductor industry. A few of those groups are capital equipment makers, supplie rs of silicon, chemicals, gases, water, energy, metals and other materials are used in manufacturing semiconductor products (PPRC, 2008).Rivalry Among Industry PlayersThe semiconductor industry is very highly belligerent. The firms within this industry deal on a daily basis to produce or manufacture a product that is smaller, faster and cheaper. The industry changes rapidly as technology changes rapidly. This keeps it competitive as each competitor can seek and opportunity to create something great before the others do. deep down this competitive industry there is a constant pressure to come up with better products.The products of this industry are much undifferentiated as the products they are seek to create are essentially improvements to similar products that already exist. The accomplishments of the products change very little. The methods of production is where can see differentiation. The players are trying to come up with innovative counsels to do the same things only in a smaller, faster, and cheaper manner (Investopedia, 2010). Comment by Joona I resist with this paragraph to some extent. For example ARM has gained very much competitive advantage with is mobile chip technology, similarly Intel has been the number one in the laptop microprocessors becaus of superior product performanceThe result of an industry that is this competitive is emerging technology that is cutting-edge. The technology is constantly changing into something better so for competition it makes it hard to remain at the top. What tends to happen in this role of an industry is that there are several industry players with similar size rise as the larger players. This is because no one player can keep excelling with the newest, fastest, and cheapest product available.The four main products of the semiconductor industry are memory chips, microprocessors, commodity integrated circuit, and complex SOC (system on a chip) which is a combination of a system of semiconductors compacted into one small product. The following are the top ten ranked semiconductor industry leaders as of 2010 Intel, Samsung Electronics, Toshiba Semiconductors, Texas Instruments, Renesas Electronics, Hynix, STMicroelectronics, Micron Technology, Qualcomm, and Elpida Memory (Ford, 2010). The graph below shows how these competitors are doing against each other in terms of revenue. It gives a basic generalizeing how they sit against each other and who are the major players.Figure XXX. Top 20 Semiconductor Suppliers Revenues 2010. Data from iSuppli (Ford, 2011).Power of buyersThe buyers of the semiconductor industry are endless. There is a buyer at literally every corner. The switching costs of the buyers in the commodity semiconductor market is small as they can bargain for from any semiconductor industry player who is representing the lowest cost available as long as the technology is compatible. The strong role of the industry giants like Intel and Samsung limits the bargaining power o f buyers. Computers are definitely the largest piece of demand presented by the buyers in 2011, although it is declining receivable to the rising sales of smart phones and media tablets (Mutschle, 2011). Buyers in the semiconductor tend to be very outlay sensitive as the industry is constantly producing products at a lower cost to moil the demand of their product.Within the buyers, there are several buyer groups that should be mentioned. The computer industry takes of the bulk of buyer demand, mobile devices and tabloids, and the medical industry to mention a few. These buyers make purchases from the semiconductor industry to continue in daily operations as they are a large part of ongoing business. Joona This sentence needs clarification.Threat of substitutesThe industry has the ability to change in a very short time. This takes a port opportunities from substitutes to enter the market segment. It would not take the semiconductor industry very long to resolve to a successful su bstitute as they would find a way to produce the product themselves. The problem that would be present is the money constraint. It can be done but at a cost. The industry players can find themselves spending a lot of money to research and develop new products just to find that their competition beat them to it by a few months. This keeps the business environment volatile and competitive. Joona This paragraph would need some sources to back the claims up. In addition I found it hard to understand some of the logic.Strategic groupsJoona This is one way to classify the industry. I dont know if it is necessarily the better(p) way to do it. Product line base classification is at least one alternative, but it requires some effort.Groups base on Level of Vertical IntegrationIntegrated Device Manufacturers (IDM)Some companies, such as IBM and Intel, have both semiconductor design and manufacturing capability. They try to achieve efficiency through vertical integration.Foundry CompaniesMe rchant manufacturers do manufacturing for companies that do not have own manufacturing dexterity. Cutting edge semiconductor manufacturing process technology is getting more and more expensive, and thus less and less companies can afford to have own production capacity (Jelinek, 2010). The largest foundry company is Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC). It is a virgin play foundry, which means that it only offers manufacturing services without designing own products.FablessThe fabless companies do not have manufacturing capacity. They design chips and buy manufacturing capacity from foundry companies. The fabless companies do not have as large risks relating to manufacturing technology, but as the amount foundry companies decreases, the foundry companies bargaining power will likely increase. This group includes companies like Qualcomm, AMD, Nvidia, Broadcom and MediaTek (Osborne, 2010).Key Success FactorsWhat would it take for some firm to compete successfully in the industry(9)Joona (these guesses are just out of my head, no sources, no proof of validity)Ability to constantly develop new, better, cheaper faster designsAbility to produce breakthrough innovationsAbility to form effective networks and partnerships in order to gain advantage of the resources of the collaborating companiesNew opportunities and threatsWhat are the major emerging trends in the industry that may impact the industry firms in a significant way?(8)The New Threats and OpportunitiesThe most critical treat for semiconductors industry is the rapid price declines due to more player enter the market and the substitute products incur available. (Joona Are new players really a threat given the resources and money needed to enter the industry?) The research by Ross Seymore (A Deutsche Bank beauteousness Research analyst) suggested that compare with the 30% revenue growth in last year, the chip industry faces a 25% revenue drop due to lower average selling prices for chips and t he cyclical demand for semiconductors hits a lull. Seymore also mentioned that a largest average selling price drop may be waiting for the the memory segment which could cause risk to margins across the industry following 2010s record levels as well. ( KAWAMOTO,2011).However, there are some news opportunities for semiconductors players as well. One is the Smart Grid which could save resources in the finicky time to balance the application amount of the power. Currently, about two-thirds of power is senseless because of the power grid aging. Inevitably, those aging power grid will be substituted by Smart Grid, which will give a new profit growth point to semiconductors industry. (Xiaona, 2010) Another significant technical innovation will benefit the semiconductors industry is the Immersion lithography which probably will drive the the lithography theme for semiconductor devices manufacturing in the following generation. Who can grasp this new technology will take a vantage point in the succeeding(a) decade of competition.(JVSTB, 2004)Joona We should try to find some big picture opportunities and threats that have could have a significant impact on the industryPredictions (Next 5 years)How dynamic is the industry, stage of its life cycle? What is the likely demand emplacement during the next five years?(7)High bloodline levels in Q4 2010 fit to iSuppli the semiconductor suppliers inventories reached the highest levels in two and a half years during the quaternate quarter of 2010. If the the semiconductor industry growth slows in 2011, this could bring troubles to the companies. (Stiefel, 2011) This is another example of the cyclicality and weak predictability of the industry.Joona Could we somehow combine this with the previous section.More predictions needed. My best guess is that the industry is going to end up in a somewhat stable situation. 2010 was a boom because of the recession 2008-2009 and low inventory levels.**************Future http//isscc.o rg/doc/2010/ISSCC2010_TechTrends.pdfhttp//www.engadget.com/2011/02/19/intel-to-spend-5-billion-on-new-14nm-fab-in-arizona-creating-4/Ravi The fortunes of the semiconductor industries are ultimately tied to the demand of the end products. (Dirk Meyer, president and CEO of AMD, NDTV, interview) http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpDx7LPdhqsfeature= link upSemiconductor design and manufacturing facilities are strategic to our nations economic growth. However, our industry is faced with fierce global competition and our policymakers and regulators must ensure that we have balanced tax, regulatory and trade policies to allow our industry to continue to flourish in the U.S. and remain Americas largest export industry, Brian Toohey, President SIA concluded in 2010.http//www.sia-online.org/cs/papers_publications/press_release_detail?pressrelease.id=1869 intelligent property is now much more perishable than ever before and there are too many challenges to solve alone. We must accredit that alli ances in the early stages of technological innovation are imperative to achieving breakthrough results that will deliver against the top and bottom line.John Warlaumont, VP of Advanced Technologhttp//www.sematech.org/ integrated/annual/annual09.pdf