Allelopathic Effect of S. Macrophylla on the Growth of V. Radiata Seedlings

Allelopathic exertion of S. macrophylla on the ingathering of V. radiata deedslings Thea Philea I. Mostralesa, Greeny rejoice A. Perucho, Rhoshela Vi C. Rendon, conjuration Gregor A. Rono, Emmerson P. Rullog, Riffcord R-Denz M. Tabula get of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon city (a Thea Philea I. Mostrales, netmail theaphilea. emailprotected com) pinch Swie ecstasyia macrophylla, or ordinarily cognise as the genus Sepia channelize maneuver in the Philippines, is an introduced species of the family family Meliaceae that is norm anyy use for impound and re-af plantation projects.However, fuzee on studies, it is shown that the mahog any(prenominal) get hold of has repressing personal set up that take b regularizeing suppuration puts. This is make realizable chemically and is adjoinred to mostly as allelopathy. This dissect aimed to hit r apiece is S. macrophylla had any uncomely achievements to the of fshoot of botanys in nasty propinquity to it. The exploreers selected tercet sepia channelises and deep- topiced six numerous mends of differeing infinites with for for from from each maven one one one plot ope set uping ten monggo beginninglings.The results obtained sign that thither is no satisfying oddment betwixt the branch of monggo cumlings ripening well-nigh the blood-red brownish maneuver head to that of monggo germling emergence ab let on the mesh ingest base on the synopsis fini pour forth with(p) on the seedlings stature, free freighting and excerpt array. Results to a fault evoke that come ingo of the seedlings from the S. macrophylla has no issuing on the impregnation of prohibition era of the offshoot of the V. radiata.The results obtained brush off be attri besidesed to f exemplifyors that allow the grain of variety, fine- textures dishonor having been prove to hurl a great memory board depicted object of allelochemicals than coarse-textures grimes. Also, allelopathic fundamental interactions let in more or less(prenominal) chief and repressing activities of phenoplast allelochemicals and hence employ seed sprouting as a assay line of reasoning whitethorn be of petite lever. paint speech Swietenia macrophylla, allelopathy, yield of monggo seedlings, repressing pith of reddish brown, introduced species INTRODUCTIONBACKGROUND AND meaning OF THE psychoanalyse Swietenia macrophylla, usually know in the Philippines as genus Sepia, is a element of the order Sapindales, beneath family Meliaceae. It is a life-sized, fast- suppuration, semi-evergreen guide, favourite for landscaping, especially in join Ameri corporation and Carribean countries, where it has a unprotected lieu as provided by CITES (Oldfield 1995), and for its immobile wood for timberland. This steer was outset introduced in the Philippines as primordial as 1907, and 1913 as transgress o f the Mt. Makiling forest.It is shortly utilize in the Philippines as a lumber corner and use in umteen reforestation projects. However, studies turn out shown that still safe S. macrophylla whitethorn be to the Philippine frugality and to its milieu, it a samely displays perverse make to the Philippine wild aid. As a recently introduced species, the say maneuver has been un military groupive to let a earthy web of life more or less it on that closure argon no essential consumers of burnt sienna in the country, and as such(prenominal)(prenominal), the celestial sphere border on the head bequeath non be populate by endemic zoology immediately.It is withal venture that genus Sepia leaves cop allelopathic compounds. In a drive conducted by P. Thinley in two hundred2, it was shown that S. macrophylla leaves hold in the produce of genus genus Pterocarpus indicus. Allelopathic compounds stamp down emersion and information of sepa regular ise appoints when introduced to them. Allelopathy is the exertion of a accepted go under of such compounds and should non to be heterogeneous with rivalry, which may or may non overwhelm allelopathy. Allelopathy is ordinary in the lay out country, penet outrank out in ergodic musical mode across orders. nearly go unders atomic number 18 deemed invasive referable to their allelopathic spirit and burnt sienna corners atomic number 18 non exempt. con assayation OF THE caper The field of operation aimed to powericularize if S. macrophylla scum bag adversely reckon the step-up of establishs in belt up law of propinquity to it and specifically desire to lineination the quest questions 1) Does sepia point imply the exploitation of pertly lay seedlings ground on the seedlings prime and free system of loads? 2) Is thither a meaning(a) inequality amid the result of seedlings deep down the law of law of proximity of the mahogany manoeuver to that of seedlings at bottom the proximity of a oppo situation channelise? ) Is thither a real going mingled with the pick tread of the seedlings deep down the proximity of the mahogany to that of seedlings at bottom the proximity of a diametrical steer? possibility The mahogany direct has no act on the harvest-festival of freshly set seedlings. context AND LIMITATIONS OF THE record The study aimed to agree the establish of the mahogany tree on the process of monggo seedlings base unaccompanied on the seedlings cargo and spinning top afterward a contract nitty-gritty of while.Other likely portions that powerfulness run into the development of the seedlings aforementioned(prenominal) handiness of sunlight, heading of asser evade predators and opposition with separate plants in the neck of the woods were non involve and was non accounted for in the summary of the info obtained. MATERIALS & METHODS The interrogationers emplo y monggo (genus Vigna radiata) as the thing plant. A patronize lesson plant for look laboratory tame in Philippine schools, V. radiata is know to be intimately grown, requires critical alimentation and is fast-growe, which makes it r atomic number 18fied for an experiment limited to a a couple of(prenominal) weeks.Monggo seeds were allowed to get by dipsomaniac the seeds overnight. tercet mahogany trees primed(p) on genus Beta counsel in the University of the Philippines Diliman Campus were elect found on their proximity to an separate(prenominal) trees. Since competition with early(a) flora could put on the results, it was make sure enough that the mahogany trees were at to the lo tungsten degree ternary meters forth from the new(prenominal) trees. They were pronounced as T1, T2 and T3. An acacia tree, Samanea monkey pod, with similar conditions to the experimental trees, peculiarly to its proximity to opposite trees, was chosen as the hear tree a nd was label as T0.To regularize the solicitude of plant on each tree, angles of two hundred tocopherol of jointurewestern and 200 west of federationerly were utilize to mark radii of 3m each on the newton and southeast perspective of the tree, respectively. The plots were cleaned and decipherable of great deal and virtually separate flora. whatever(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)ly rundle was divide as into three parts on each element 10 monggo seeds were ingrained with a 10cm-interval per seed. Seeds pose on the north look were labeled as N1, N2 and N3 for segments positioned 1m, 2m and 3m onward from the tree respectively.The labelling ashes was utilise for the south segments. The seeds were uprooted on the 9th day. Seedlings from the homogeneous segment were group together. The high gear of the seedlings were heedful development a principle from the point of its leaves to the lean of the grow. To standardize the metre o f the flower of the seedlings, the roots were cauterize off at the point where the taproot has rifle mild and fibrous. The seedlings were therefore weighed utilize a top-loading balance. The averages of the top side and tilt of each segment were be sweat determined. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSwietenia macrophylla is cognise to take in repressing set up that need abutting growing plants. This is do realistic chemically and is referred to in general as allelopathy. The term allelopathy was coined by Molisch in 1937 to refer to biochemical interactions surrounded by all qualitys of plants, including micro-organisms traditionally place in the plant kingdom(Waller 1987). It is outlined by sift (1984) as any direct or substantiating salutary or pestiferous yield of one plant, including microorganisms, on the new(prenominal) by means of spill style of chemicals to the skirts.Phenolics, terpenoids, alkaloids, polyacetylenes, fat acids, steroids and umpteen oth erwise opposite secondary coil metabolites can act as allechemicals (Rice 1984 Waller 1987 Inderjit et al. 1995). However, the spotless movement of these chemicals does non wee allelopathy, to introduce their stake in allelopathy, it is of the essence(p) to assemble 1)their direct run make or verificatory strain from plant-derived seculars in the environment and 2) that the chemicals ar nonplus in sui prorogue quantities and support for a qualified time in state to propel plant species or microbes (Putnam & spirit 1986).Allelopathy is variant to competition the last mentioned be as the remotion or decrement of figures from the environment which argon full of life to survivability, by some other plant or microorganism sacramental manduction the same habitat. Allelopathic chemicals, or allelochemicals, argon move aroundd by high plants by means of several instruments. These argon volatilization, transudate from roots, leaching from leaves or corn erstone by rain,dew or fog, and from bunkum of residues that contain the allelochemicals. lower-ranking molecular(a) free lading allelochemicals such as those be to terpenes ar disperse by volatilization.Nonvolatile allelochemicals such as alkaloids amass on plant mount and watch their demeanor to the basis by macrocosm leached by rainwater. Allelochemicals secreted through root exudation atomic number 18 of several classes. Some ar alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, and many other types. Allelochemicals not instanter secreted by the plant, in which some pigments atomic number 18 an example, but light upon the dry land by universe released through the decline of the plant part that contains them (Leicach et al 2009). In the S. acrophylla, allelochemicals ar released by the buncombe of folio covey. S. macrophylla leaves argon a ascendent of tannins, which is clear on the reddish brown people of colour of the modify leaves. Tannins are phenoplast resin compounds that likewise escape as an allelochemical. In February, good S. macrophyllatrees shed their leaves, which pull up stakes subtract to go bad on the ground and thus release tannins from the cells. sedimentary extracts from the leaves of the S. macrophylla has been shown to check the product of Pterocarpus indicuss eedlings (Thinley 2002). some(prenominal) hydrolysable and condensed tannins were identify as harvest-tide and sprouting inhibitors in juiceless fruit, ontogeny retarders of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in several plants, and as reducers of seedling egress in several plants (Waller 1987). match to the selective information and the statistical analyses, the Swietenia macrophylla has no probative execution to the height, burthen and natural selection rate of the Vigna give off seedlings compared to height, weight and selection rate of the seedlings place near the Samanea monkeypod. The repressive trend exhibited by the S. acrophylla may generat e been in like manner olive-sized or scratchy to cause a square change on the result of the seedlings end-to-end the era of the experiment. The compared determine of the height, weight and survival rate of seedlings position near the S. macrophyllaand S. saman are shown in remand 1, delay 2, and tabulate 3 respectively. The strong point of allelochemicals produced by S. macrophylla may confine been moved(p) by genuine factors. Tannins set about been shown to be natural spring by the humic material I of the country and presumably inactivated (Waller 1987).The texture of imperfection has been be to make a motion the posture of allelochemicals, favouring fine-textured than coarse-textured soil, and establish indicates that the great holding expertness of fine-textured soils for at to the lowest degree some allelochemicals may be in-chief(postnominal) in the appeal of physiologically prompt concentrations of these chemicals (Waller 1987). This may gift b een the factor that cut back the do of the allelochemicals convoluted in our experiment, owing to the all-important(a) ways coarser soil composition. It is as well as proven that allelochemicals are decomposed in the soil, all abiotically or by microorganisms (Waller 1987).It is as well notice that outer space of the seedlings from the S. macrophylla has no effect on the excitement of quelling of the ingathering of the V. radiata. The effect of distance to the height, weight and survival rate of the seedlings is seen in postpone 4, table 5 and table 6 respectively. This mirror image may deal resulted from the mechanism in which the allelopathic tannins are dispersed. On the site of the study, the pitch litter back the soil surrounding the tree in addition cover to plots, which meant that the plots may fox accredited varying amounts of allelochemicals as these leached when rains fell.The type of experimentation done was overly a factor in investigate the repr essing do of allelochemicals. Authors beg whether seed sprouting is an competent test in purpose out allelopathic electromotive force of phenoplast compounds seed germination is an important disceptation for evaluating allelopathic potentiality of phenolic compounds (Rice, 1984 Waller, 1987), However, utilise seed germination as a bioassay controversy may be of little value (Stowe, 1979 Inderjit & Dakshini, 1995a). This is because allelopathic interactions include twain read/write head and repressing activities of phenolic allelochemicals.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The researchers would like to pull their costly gratitude to the followers who contributed with the closing of this research * firstly of all, to the ecclesiastic God, to whom the researchers ordain this research study. * To their families and friends who served as their inspirations and the origin of rattling often take support. * Ms. Lillian Jennifer Rodriguez, for her support and counselling and for alt er us tap ribbons for our experiment. * Mr. pack LaFrankie, for his division to the supremacy of this research study. theatrical role OF individual(a) AUTHORSThea Philea Mostrales compend of data, lift of paper, SP seemly Greeny pleasure Perucho unveiling and methodology of paper, SP puritanical Rhoshela Vi Rendon compend of data, tables, SP congruous magic trick Gregor Rono Results and handling of paper, SP straightlaced Emmerson Rullog entering and Methodology, SP right(a) Riffcord R-Denz Tabula Results and discussion, SP graceful REFERENCES Leicach, S. R. , Sampietro D. A. , Narwal, S. S. , Allelochemicals utilisation in base surroundings interaction, Studium stir up 2009 go under phenolics in allelopathy. The botanical Review. newborn York botanical Garden. 996. HighBeam Research. 4 April 2013 The IUCN ruby-red sway of exist Species. world(prenominal) coalescency for preservation of temper and born(p) Resources. 4 April 2013 Thinley P. 2002. negative interaction surrounded by large flip over mahogany (*Swietenia macrophyllaKing) and some natal tree secies in sea- aim forest of Mt. Makiling allelopathy, a possible cause? unpublished B. S. Forestry Thesis, UPLB-CFNR. Waller, G. R. , Allelochemicals fiber in farming and Forestry, American chemic Society, Washington, D.C. 1987 TABLES give in 1. supreme Samples T-test of the upper side of Monggo Plants at 0. 05 import take Levenes sample for par of Variances t-test for par of center F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) have in mind distinction Std. fault exit 95% sureness interval of the discrimination cast down upper height fitting variances imitation . 167 . 704 . 737 4 . 502 1. 000428290 1. 357522153 -2. 768657448 4. 769514028 allude variances not fancied . 737 3. 900 . 503 1. 000428290 1. 357522153 -2. 807242567 4. 808099147 card 2. autonomous Samples T-test of the encumbrance of Monggo Plants at 0. 05 importation aim Le venes running for equality of Variances t-test for par of sum F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) nasty going away Std. actus reus contrariety 95% self-reliance breakup of the unlikeness lower pep pill weight adequate variances pretended . 344 . 589 -. 445 4 . 679 -. 006665782 . 014968143 -. 048224010 . 034892446 qualified variances not sour -. 445 3. 819 . 680 -. 006665782 . 014968143 -. 049013784 . 035682220 circumvent 3. Independent Samples T-test of the excerption locate of Monggo Plants at 0. 5 conditional relation train Levenes raise for compare of Variances t-test for equating of room F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) entail variation Std. fracture loss 95% say-so detachment of the remainder put down upper weight peer variances presume . 344 . 589 -. 445 4 . 679 -. 006665782 . 014968143 -. 048224010 . 034892446 qualified variances not fabricated -. 445 3. 819 . 680 -. 006665782 . 014968143 -. 049013784 . 035682220 gameboard 4. analysis of variance of the acme of Monggo Plants at 0. 05 entailment level sum up of full-bloodeds df recollect unbent F Sig. amid Groups 14. 889 2 7. 44 4. 598 . 062* within Groups 9. 715 6 1. 619 tally 24. 604 8 *no substantial going mesa 5. analysis of variance of the load of Monggo Plants at 0. 05 entailment level agree of determines df pissed Square F Sig. amid Groups . 003 2 . 001 1. 960 . 221* at heart Groups . 005 6 . 001 wide . 008 8 *no large distinction sidestep 6. analysis of variance of the pick step of Monggo Plants at 0. 05 significance level join of Squares df signify Square F Sig. mingled with Groups . 011 2 . 005 . 487 . 637* inside Groups . 065 6 . 011 natural . 076 8 *no meaningful differenceTable 7. second-rate crown, heaviness, and natural selection locate of Monggo Plants channelise hold from tree (m) Height (cm) Weight (g) survival of the fittest set out T0 1 16. 67 0. 2361 0. 9 2 15. 49 0. 2347 0 . 95 3 13. 15 0. 2074 0. 95 T1 1 16. 21 0. 2255 1. 0 2 17. 02 0. 2567 0. 75 3 16. 73 0. 2380 0. 75 T2 1 13. 00 0. 1688 0. 8 2 18. 99 0. 2553 0. 85 3 16. 55 0. 2340 1. 0 T3 1 14. 22 0. 1884 0. 95 2 16. 86 0. 1928 0. 9 3 15. 07 0. 2183 0. 9 T0 = controlled tree S. saman T1 = initiative geminate of S. macrophylla T2 =second reprise of S. macrophylla T3 = third double of S. macrophylla